it was finished on january the 8th, 1959 here in havana.tory these people began writing here was not intended to stop here.

his departure touched off wild rejoicing as the first elements of rebel forces entered havana. ♪ [crowds] ♪ at first, the celebration was peaceful as shouting, cheering crowds surged through the city. ♪ then, the temper of the throng changed, and and ugly mob raged in the streets, its prime targets symbols of the overthrown regime on the gambling casinos, parking meters, the homes and businesses of batista supporters. six years of surface prosperity and government corruption brought oppression and police brutality widespread discontent. now a new leader is on the scene, fidel castro, in many ways an unknown quantity in politics and policies but certain to be dominant in cuba's new era, just begun. ♪ narrator: fidel castro with flamboyant drama demonstrates his unchallenged power over cuba's masses. he announces his resignation as premier, and the response is explosive. walkouts from havana shops and factories and mass demonstrations by workers and university students calling on castro not to resign, hailing castro the maximum leader of the revolution. the president, as shown just after

i was here standing on the square singing dancing and playing my point with the musicians of the havana lyceum orchestra. from. it's a very different cuba than it was one year ago because of the pandemic but i'm really looking forward to seeing like you the musician friends from the vehicle and finding out how they have spent this last year i. i you know that obama has really closed down when you see that have on his most famous barbershop it's not a day to. the city has a completely different feeling on the streets than the last time i was here but nothing can ruin my joy with my horn on my back i'm on the way to rehearse with my beloved have on a lyceum orchestra in their home a beautiful old cuban church called san felipe in old havana. it's very emotional for me because it's the 1st time i will see them in a year and i have been dying to celebrate the success of our mozart he mambo project with them. throughout. the. it. might. worry you. it's so nice to be. memory memory and then very peppy the conductor of the orchestra rise in style for the rehearsal. i have a present for you yea

havana's intelligencia led the orchestra.ess toward building up trade and re-establishing diplomatic relations, thus adding to america's headaches in our troubled relations with this caribbean neighbor. ♪♪ cuba celebrates the seventh anniversary of castro's revolutionary movement with a red chinese delegation and one from bolivia among a quarter of a million. his observance in the foothills where he directed the revolt against the batista regime was one of castro's few public appearances. suffering from a lung infection for weeks, he was ordered to take a complete rest both mental and physical. castro's brother who was enjoying this triumphal reception in moscow at the time hurried home. he is the number two man in cuba's revolutionary red tin's government. he seems to respond eagerly to the soviets wooing of cuba. an ailing fidel castro. he delivers a typical rebel rousing talk after raving for a half hour, the cuban premiere loses his voice, but he regains enough strength to come back and announce his latest blow against th

newscaster: havana. january 1, 59. [woman singing in spanish] newscaster: to the cuban people and to the admiring world, there could be no better way to start the new year. [singing continues] narrator: but before long, castro nationalized american oil refineries on the island without paying the owners, triggering an economic embargo by the united states. with few options, cuba turned to the soviet union for trade. then in 1962, moscow took advantage of cuba's strategi location, and the world held its breath as president kennedy created a naval blockade to stop russian nuclear missiles on their way to havana. man: the cuban missile crisis is over, but kennedy imposes a full trade embargo on cuba. it will come to be the symbol of u.s.-cuba relations r the next 50 years. man 2: in 1980, facing growing political and economic pressure, castro announced that anyone who wanted to leave cuba could do so. man 3: and 125,000 arrive in florida. this ad a completely new dimension to the conflict. it's now also about the internal

and concertmaster have yet continued to my rented apartment in havana for a cathy see to. see you my there's has to be enough. for cubans music is like how they bring you know it's necessary for the life. i mean we need it too but i have a feeling cuba is very special if it is in your bodies you need to dance you need to sing you need to be laid out how did you feel in this time where you couldn't play it doesn't seem only within to know that for years and good luck in a fight. but i was called by the comments the every console not that i am allowed to pray at a tournament. play compared to what i look at on my throw you look at how we learn them all tell me what they don't and don't say same when i say my daughter can see it to be saying that's what i meant to tell young daughter i meant to know something we look at this. was. amazing you know. i had no live music yet here in havana so i asked happy if you would maybe play something for me up here so at least we hear something live you think one of the one pound nothingness in the now i'm ok. tom and sam in front of us a

it was finished on january the 8th, 1959 here in havana. the kind of history these people began writing here was not intended to stop here. has the men who led this revolution, there are 19 more chapters to follow. one for each of the countries in south america where conditions are right for this. and this is revolution. this revolutions have gone throughout the world since the end of world war ii, this one in cuba. post and no special honors for distinctions. revolutions have gone until this one, the cuban revolution is very special. it's very special for several reasons, and all of them are pretty much a mystery to this fellow. john q american, here. who is particularly wrapped up in that cuban revolution. he doesn't really understand what happened in cuba back in january of 1959, despite the fact that no other person on this planet has a greater number or a variety of ways to read about, hear about, see about and know about things, the tons of new strengths that he's read through and the untold hours of air time that he's listened to abo

and concertmaster have yet continued to my rented apartment in havana for a cathy she took. everything. to see you my there's this to be everywhere. for cubans music is like how they bring you know it's necessary for the life. i mean we need it too but i have a feeling cuba is very special if it is in your bodies you need to dance you need to sing you need to feel a how did you feel in this time where you couldn't play it doesn't seem only to progress and good luck in a fight. but i was going like a joke amongst the i mean you can also look them a lot before you had to. take on baby and i want to look at where the one might really look i mean they're not coming up like they don't and don't say the same when i say most people can see it to be saying that's what i meant the daughter meant to know something we look at this. was. amazing you know. i had no live music yet here in havana so i asked her here if you would maybe play something for me up here so at least we hear something live you think one of the one paleface nothingness and then i can. come and sam in front of us or

have on a lyceum orchestra in their home a beautiful old cuban church called san felipe and in old havana. it's very emotional for me because it's the 1st time i will see them in a year and i have been dying to celebrate the success. of our mozart he mambo project with that. the new. you. might. already do. it's so nice to be. memory memory memory of pepe the conductor of the orchestra rise in style for the rehearsal. i have a present for you yeah it was very heavy in my suitcase but we have for everybody. a cd. we were number one in germany number one in england number one in the us in the classical charts it's amazing really amazing so you can look you can look later and think so . if. we ever have seen a horn concerto by mozart far up coming concepts no one knows yet if we'll be able to play the concert because of the coronavirus restrictions but we have to be ready just in case. 2 the aura. was. was. fine you know whether most i remember then end up with any i don't even know us know how keep us on. and be more content of their boy if that one thought i was asking the most he got. don

have done a lyceum orchestra in their home a beautiful old cuban church called san felipe in old havana. it's very emotional for me because it's the 1st time i will see them in a year and i have been dying to celebrate the success of our most. project with that. you. might. worry you. it's so nice to be. memory memories memory of pepe the conductor of the orchestra rise in style for the rehearsal. i have a present for you yeah it was very heavy in my suitcase but we have for everybody. a c.v. . and. we were number one in germany number one in england number one in the us in the classical charts it's amazing really amazing so you can look you can look later and think. oh. i think. we're over her sing a horn concerto by mozart far up coming concept no one knows yet if we'll be able to play the concert because it's a coronavirus restrictions but we have to be ready just in case. well you know whether most i remember then end up with any i don't even know. how give us now and i knew. something to their employer thought one thought i was asking them once he got. in then with. them and no mon

i had no live music yet here in havana so i asked him here if you would maybe play something for me up here so at least we hear something live you think one of the one pound fish. and then i can. come and sam in front of us comes along. and then i'm off. doing an essay. and. c members of the orchestra have told me that for them the new normal is getting up early to stand in food lines until the rehearsal started 2 pm every day they are absolutely exhausted by the time they start to harass. one of the biggest differences i've noticed here and up on the other lines there are lines everywhere the cubans call it luck or not they stand in line all day long for sometimes they don't know what is in the shops the main thing is to stand in a line because they'll be something you can buy it's very well organized it may not look it big usually they know who the last person is in the line and who's the next person they're all wearing mark you have to wear a mosque outside here in havana but i don't see much social distancing going on. in the mall. was the. marry her. same old us a. cuban schools a

in havana as the morning goes on castro begins to react to the invasion. those who can be trusted are armed. castro takes personal command. the roads out of havana are clogged. in the first hours the brigade pushes in. castro has not yet been able to bring up his tanks and heavy guns. the first communique of the brigade issued by a madison avenue public relations office reports satisfactory progress. on the beach are 12 b26s providing air cover. shortly after dawn they are attacked by the three castro jets that survived saturday's air strike. the brigade sees its supply ships and communication ships are sunk. within a few minutes the men on the beach have lost their air cover and their supplies. now castro can bring up his tanks without fear of air attacks. and he can bring up thousands of his militianos. by afternoon castro is pressing the brigade hard. how are they to survive? there is no up rising. there is no sabotage. there is no help from the underground for the brigade. for the next 48 hours the men on the beach take a terrible pounding. they wait f

in havana as the morning goes on, castro begins to react to the invasion. those who can be trusted are armed. castro takes personal command. the roads out of havana are clogged with troops moving up to the invasion beach. but in the first hours, the brigade pushes inland. castro has not yet been able to bring up his tanks and heavy guns. the first communicae reports satisfactory progress. over the beach are 12 b-26s. shortly after dawn, they are attacked by the three castro jets that survived saturday's airstrike. five of them are shot down. the brigades' communication ship and supply ship are sunk. within a few minutes, the men on the beach have lost their air cover and their supplies. now, castro can bring up his tanks without fear of air attacks. and he can bring up thousands of his milicianos. by afternoon, castro is pressing the brigade hard. how are they to survive? where are they to get help? some expected to come from the ground. there is no uprising, there is no sabotage, there is no help from the underground for the brigade. well, the next 48 hour

have on the -- havana, summer 1960.el castro admits publicly for the first time there is unrest inside cuba. counterrevolutionary activity. among his opponents now is his former minister of public works manuel rai, leader of the mrp. ,>> the mrp was highly organized and well extended over the whole country. our organization reached almost every section of cuban life. civic institutions, professional organizations. labor youth. the militia. the army. and we have people inside of fidel castro's pockets. narrator: the mrp operates in the cities. it is an underground movement specializing in sabotage. [gunfire] [explosion] narrator: in the escambray mountains is another anti-castro force, the guerillas. in september 1960, it has become a serious threat to fidel castro. he comes to the escambray to take personal command of the military operation, but resistance continues late in september. -- but resistance continues. [gunfire] [explosion] late in september, castro leaves the escambray and comes to new york. he is an uninvit

the roads out of havana are clogged moving up to the invasion beach. but in the first hours the brigade pushes and word. castro has not yet been able to bring up his tanks. the first communiquÉ of the brigade issued by public relations office report progress. over the beach are 12 b 26 planes providing -- shortly after dawn they are attacked by the three castro jets that survived saturday's airstrike. five of them are shot down. the brigade supply ships and its communication ships sunk. within a few minutes the men on the beach have lost their air cover and supplies. now castro can bring up his tanks. and he can bring up thousands of his militias. by afternoon castro is -- the brigade hard. some expected to come from the underground. there is no uprising. there is no sabotage. there is no help from the underground for the brigade. for the next 48 hours the men take a terrible pounding. they wait for help. none comes. they say they have been promised their support by the americans to american advisers. washington is washington says none was ever promise

in havana, the militia is demobilized. they are sent back to the fields.he leaders join them to harvest the crops. but in washington, cuba has not been forgotten. in his campaign, the new president has promised to do something about cuba. now he must decide what to do. but his advisers are new and inexperienced. he must rely on professionals. for military advice, on general leominster and the joint chiefs. on the cia, which is handling the cuban problem, political and military aspects, as well as intelligence. cia director alan dulles briefed the president on the cuban situation. he told the president the details of the invasion plan known by the codename of operation pluto. at that point, the landing was to be made at trinidad on the cube coast 100 miles east of the bay of pigs. the united states was to supply air cover. as time went on, these parts to the plan were to be changed both with the approval and the acquiescence of the cia and the pentagon. but at this point, dulles simply wanted an ok of the president to continue preparations, and he got it. n

he was finished on january 8, 1959 in havana. kind of history they began writing was not intended to stop here. there are 19 more chapters to follow. one for each of the countries in south america were conditions are ripe for revolution. revolutions have gone throughout the world since the end of world war ii. this was in cuba has no distinct honors. revolutions until this one, the cuban revolution is very special for several reasons. all of them are pretty much a mystery to this fellow, john q american, who is wrapped up in the cuban revolution. he doesn't understand what happened in january, 1959. despite the fact no other person has a greater number or variety of ways to read about, here about see about, and know about things, but tons of newsprint and the untold hours of airtime about turmoil and unrest around him for years. none of that prepared him for today's cuba. he is confused. particularly so, because like thousands of other americans, he has been to cuba. he was they are vacationing only a few weeks before that scene

the country is _ says this havana resident. the country is in — says this havana resident.. the country is in a terrible shape at the moment. the committed revolutionary olga sanchez disagrees. "we, the true cuban communist, support them, " she says. the task facing the new leadership is daunting. the covid—19 pandemic has battered the tourism —based economy stop many private businesses have closed, others are struggling to survive. it is all a far cry from a few years ago, when the us and cuba re—established pneumatic ties and raul castro then hosted president obama in havana. it seemed a page had finally been turned. four years of the trump administration have reversed about an so far president biden shows no inclination to either lift the embargo or undo his predecessor's hardline the island. at predecessor's hardline the island. �* _ predecessor's hardline the island. �* .y, ., island. a cuba policy shift or additional _ island. a cuba policy shift or additional steps _ island. a cuba policy shift or additional steps is _ island. a cuba policy shift or additional steps

havana, summer of 1960. fidel castro admits publicly for the first time there is unrest inside of cuba. counterrevolutionary activity. above his opponents now is his former administer, leader of the mrv. >> they are highly organized and well extended over the whole country. we reach every section of the human life. civic institutions, organizations, labor unions, the militia, the army, and we have people inside of fidel castro's house. the >> the mrp operates in the cities. they specialize in sabotage. in these mountains, there is a another anti-castro force, the guerillas. in 1960's, it became a serious threat to fidel castro. he takes personal command of the military operation. resistance continues. late in september, castro comes to new york. he is an uninvited guest. he will attend the u.n. enteral assembly. -- general. while he is in new york, he sees nikita khrushchev. the date is september 20 6, 1960. -- 26. castro will tell the general assembly that the united states is seeking to overthrow him, is t

i had no live music yet here in havana so i asked her if you would maybe play something for me up here so at least we hear something live you think one out of one pattern nothing else in the book at a time and sam in front of us comes along. and then i'm all. going and i said. and. and. c members of the orchestra have told me that to them the new normal is getting up early to stand in food lines until the rehearsal started 2 pm every day they are absent. exhausted by the time they start to harass. one of the biggest differences i've noticed here and up on the other lines there are lines everywhere the cubans call it luck or not they stand in line all day long for sometimes they don't know what is in the shops the main thing is to stand in a line because they'll be something you can buy it's very well organized it may not look it big usually they know who the last person is in the line and who's the next person they're all wearing masks you have to wear masks outside here in havana but i don't see much social distancing going on. oh i. was. married in the room. same goes say. you have c

jose fought his way into havana with castro. change interested pedro e mean as --iminez too.ro had a burning ambition to see cubans treated as dignified human beings, the equals of all other men. right now, there is no subject about which practically all of the world's peoples around europe and north america are more sensitive, just as pedro here is sensitive about, racial prejudice. sensitive people like pedro have changed the whole political map of the world since 1945 people in revolutions which have wiped out the empires and spheres of influence of west europeans. in that world, people like pedro have made cuba particularly important to communist east europeans and the communist chinese. you see the kind of world these men live in is shot through with the need for land reform. the world these men live in, desperately needs economic reform, industrial development, just as nunez and jose fought for. and in that world, nunez and jose have made cuba particularly important to a communist russia and china. because those are the kind of interest which, not too long ago, joseph s

he used to love to walk around havana. that made him like a person of the people where he would just take strolls and talk to the average citizen. well, after the couple of first assassination attempts he stopped doing that. it was really holed up inside several compounds inside cuba, right outside havana. i was there before he died, in the springtime, i guess, and you would drive by these areas and there would be just back off the main street, there would be a street that would have a big gate on it and military vehicles outside of the gate and be like, that's one of fidel's houses. and no one actually ever knew where he was. i asked the question, where does fidel live? they're like, nobody knows. even the cuban people didn't know. they know where his houses were. those are easily identifiable, but nobody but his top, top people knew which one he was in, at any one time. he had body doubles. people who looked a lot like him so in case he wanted to shoot somebody, hit the body double instead. and he had multiple addresses.

and the changing of havana's revolutionary guard this weekend after six decades in charge. is the american henry chu of the los angeles times, italian writer and film—maker annalisa piras, whojoins us from italy, and here in the studio at a safe social distance, the bbc�*s chief international correspondent lyse doucet. good to have you, lyse, and good to have both of you with us on dateline. now, it was the 9/11 attacks on the united states in 2001 which led to the invasion of afghanistan. presidentjoe biden announced this week that september the 11th 2021 will mark the end of its military presence there. 20 years ago vladimir putin, already running the kremlin, was one of the first to tell america's then—president, "we'll back you all the way." today, though, the capitals of what were the late 20th century's superpowers are in conflict once again over territory moscow once called its own. lyse, how did allies against extremism become in conflict again right in the heart of europe? well, there are areas where russia and the united states are working together, will continue

. ♪ in have anna, -- havana,

he loved to walk around havana. that made him a person of the people where he would take strolls and talk to the average citizen. well, after the couple of first assassination attempts he stopped doing that. he was really hold up inside several compounds inside cuban -- outside havana. i was there before he died. i was there in the springtime, i guess. you would drive by these areas and there would be back, off the main street, a street that would have a big gate and military vehicles outside the gate and that was one of fidel's houses. no one actually knew where he was. i asked the question, where doesfy dell live? nobody knows. even the cuban people don't know. they knew where his houses were. those are easily identifiable but no one but his top, top people knew which one he was in at any one time. he had body doubles. people that looked a lot like him so in case you wanted to shoot somebody, you would hit the body double instead. he had multiple addresses. he was never in the same place at the same time. this had

we will go to havana for more. plus, we speak to the americas director of amnesty international about how the pandemic has exacerbated inequality across the hemisphere. then as a mass shooting in rock hill, south carolina, leaves five dead, president biden announces new executive actions to curb gun violence. pres. biden: gun violence is an epidemic and it is an international embarrassment. amy: all that and more, coming up. welcome to democracy now!, democracynow.org, the quarantine report. i'amy goodman. a warning to our audience, our top story contains graphic footage and descriptions of police violence. in minneapolis, a medical expert called by the prosecution in former police officer derek chauvin's murder trial testified thursday george floyd died from a lack of oxygen, not from an -- the drug fentanyl as alleged by the defense. pulmonologist dr. martin tobin estimated fld's airways were 85% restricted as he was caught in a vice between the hard asphalt and chauvin's knee for over nine minutes, face down, an

one thing when that's happening in havana and moscow.ou have new reporting it may be happening down the street in washington. >> so what we have learned is that in november of 2020, there was a white house, a national security council official afflicted with some of the same constellation of symptoms while on white house grounds last year, which, obviously, as you say is very unnerving because it is the heart of american government. but similar to these other attacks are these incidents. there's still this sense of, okay, something happened, but we don't know -- they don't know exactly what. >> and who. >> who would be behind this? >> from the intelligence professionals i've talked to, the most likely culprit, if we can establish these are in fafact, attacks, most likely russia, possibly china. it's a sophisticated large nation states the united states is so worried about right now. >> i have to say, if this is all happening, right, this is a huge deal. it's sort of an attack on the united states and the capital of the united states. i k

it's wonderful to be on the havana rooftop in the winter sun i've really enjoyed being back here but it has been sad to see the difficulties people are facing here right now but the positivity of my cuban musician friends always shines through and today i even saw a little sign of hope the 1st live street music i have seen here on this trip enjoy and a supplemental. i . think. i have to. thank you's have super balanced. me such as the sets and. the 1st 5 years set the course for future success. from that very 1st day babies are constantly nagging. strong what makes a child smart. board . let's get right to the heart of the. smug. as the times are good for the beat. warming doesn't do very. little does well but yet. the industry is controlling your thoughts the great books of the 20th century. the present day hoaxes. the tracing the money. back showing ignorance starts may 3rd d.w.i. . more than 1000 years ago europe witnesses a huge construction boom. with christianity firmly established there is a greater demand for houses of worship. and both religious and secular leaders are eager

most adults in havana, the epicenter of the virus here, could be vaccinated by may, officials said. "for 19 years and older, we will be working that population in this intervention, practically 2 million people." while cuban officials say taking the vaccine will not be mandatory, it will be, say, strongly encouraged by health officials going door to door and in slickly produced government videos like this, which says recipients are being given not just a dose of a vaccine, but of their country. vaccine experts consulted by cnn say by carrying out mass vaccinations before cuba had completed testing, the island's government risked wasting valuable resources and eroding the public's trust. officials at the clinic we visited said testing had already proven cuban vaccine candidates were safe and effective. "we were all convinced, the vaccine works, and it gives immunity." the cuban government says its universal health care system is one of the triumphs of the island's revolution. that system has suffered during cuba's economic crises, though. and now may face its greatest test yet. patri

we just heard that it's been hijacked to havana. she said i wish i had them on it he could she always wanted to go. [laughter] >> soon the hijackings took a turn. they did become much more dangerous and then there weren't many more. >> stewardess who becomes a flight attendant late 70s, early 80s once it was no longer stewards and stewardesses by the more general -- gender-neutral term. we have a question from karen. can you describe the women's personal lives outside of when they were flying? how did they spend time during layovers? >> definitely, yale. one of the things i found so adjusting was the way the women behave so differently. they really want to do different things on the ground and see different places. for example one of the women in the book really is a very social creature. even to this day she has an incredible network of friends and she's incredibly social. she would go to guam for example she would go to the officer's club for dinner and she would play card games all night and go dancing and she loved crew parties.

put in place improving the economy is the island's main political challenge but the mood here in havana is that more than anything any cuban leader can do improve the economic future hopes and dreams run through improved relations with the united states. thousands of children making the dangerous journey to the united states are being held in mexican shelters without basic necessities the charity save the children says a number of them are traveling on their own in some shelters about 15 percent of people are showing symptoms of covert 19 u.s. government figures show more than 34000 unaccompanied children why identified at the border with mexico between january and march of this year. john holeman is in mexico city with more on what people feel the need to make this perilous journey. let's talk about the push factors going out from central america there are already bees countries guatemala el salvador honduras in a bad way honduras and especially is the 2nd poorest country in the western hemisphere but late last year 2 back to back storms really polarized especially honduras and guatema

embassy in havana a few years ago. alex marquardt explains what we know so far. >> reporter: it's called havana syndrome for where the strange debilitating attacks against u.s. personal were first noticed. now sources telling cnn about at least two more on american soil, similar, mysterious incidents, including one late last year right near the white house. >> thank you for your attention on this issue. it's critically important. >> reporter: the country's top intelligence official is saying she is focused on the attacks believed to be the result of directed microwaves. the pentagon is also investigating multiple sources telling cnn that defense officials briefed congress earlier this month, telling lawmakers that the white house incident in november happened near the grassy oval area known as the ellipse. just south of the white house. an official from the national security council was sickened. another incident first reported by gq happened in arlington, virginia n 2019, also seemingly directed at another white house

"i don't think the leadership are capable of getting us out of this spot," says this havana residente cuban communists, support them," she says. still, the task facing the new leadership is daunting. the covid—19 pandemic has battered the tourism—based economy. many private businesses have closed, others are struggling to survive. it's all a far cry from a few years ago, when the us and cuba re—established diplomatic ties and raul castro then hosted president obama in havana. it seemed a page had finally been turned. four years of the trump administration have reversed that an so far president biden shows no inclination to either lift the embargo or undo his predecessor's hardline towards the island. a cuba policy shift or additional steps is currently not among the president's top foreign policy priorities. from the death of fidel castro to raul castro's retirement, the changing of the guard of cuba has been gradual. as all those who fought alongside the castro brothers also retired from the politburo, the age at the island's top table is younger, but that doesn't necessarily mean m

should google and read, what to do when the hijacker comes, your tongue-in-cheek travel guide to havana based on being on a hijacked plane. so this, so tori was flying in this era out of jfk and she got to the airport and was told that the flight she was supposed to be on was switched and the shuttle was an hour late for the shuttle landing. and she, while she was in the air the pilot called her into the cockpit and said you were supposed to be on flight 218. and she said yes. and he said lucky you, you work on it. we just heard that it's just been headed to havana and she said i wish i had been on it because she wanted to go. >> so not everyone. and pretty skewed the hijackings took a turn. they had become much more dangerous. and then no one looked forward to them anymore. >> at what point do stewardesses become flight attendants. >> late 70s, early 80s. once it was no longer stewards and stewardesses, they sought a more gender-neutral term . >> we have a question from karen. you describe the women's personal lives outside of when they were flying? i'll be a or how they spend time dur

is in havana now with more reaction. what does raul castro's retirement mean for ordinary cubans all the sectors of the population are broadly supported by the government particularly those that lived through the huge improvements in health care education public safety that were ushered in by the cuban revolution in the 1960 s. but for 30 years this island has been living through a slow drawn out economic and social crisis and there's a younger generation that's demanding more that we need only the 1st thing i'd change is i'd get rid of the blockade so that the spiralis country would change that although when the revolution triumphed did a lot for society schools hospitals and there were other things that went backwards housing trade. for me the customers legacy is that there is free education and healthcare and we should be grateful for that and i must tell you that we have serious problems with freedom of expression most cubans are scared to express themselves because they are scared of reprisals all that the police ha

put in place improving the economy is the island's main political challenge but the mood here in havana is that more than anything any cuban leader can do improve the economic future hopes and dreams run through improved relations with the united states. the white house now says president joe biden will increase the refugee camp after changing plans twice he didn't issue a promise to let 65000 people in a year but on friday signed in order to keep it at the trump era level of just $15000.00 refugees are allowed into the u.s. under a separate program than migrants and must be vetted while still overseas. meanwhile many of those trying to get to the southern u.s. border are stopped along the way including unaccompanied children u.s. government figures show more than 34000 unaccompanied minors while identified at the border with mexico between january and march of this year just there is john heilemann is in mexico city with more on why people feel the need to make that journey let's talk about the push factors going out from central america they're already these countries guatemala el sal

i was in cuba exactly a year ago for the 49th anniversary, and it's remarkable how around havana and there are billboards all over the place celebrating the victory against yankee imperialism, and this 50th anniversary they will are marking with a parade, with all sorts of celebrations. i'm not expecting too many celebrations here,ened a that's, of course, because for the united states, it was a disaster. it was a personal tragedy for the man who took part in the invasion, of course, and a humiliation for the kennedy administration which had only been in power less than three months. at first the administration try to insist the united states had nothing to do with this. it was just exiles who gone in on their own but that charade didn't last very long and soon the whole world knew the truth, which was -- that the brigade was trained by the cia, had been supplied with american equipment and the invasion had been approved by the joint chiefs of staff, the state department and ultimately the president of the united states. in short, this had been a united states operation, and its fail

nearly wiped out by government forces ended with the fight of dictator batista and the entry into havanarces to be claimed by the city.

they filled stadiums in havana and throughout cuba. and that would have been pivotal. but that was leaked to the castro government. do you cover that also? >> i certainly cover the fact that these people were rounded up. and it goes to the problem of it hoping for a populist uprising against castro and cuba. because anybody against cuba were either in miami or jail. there. there weren't many people left free in cuba against castro. >> i ask because we had seven members of our family go to the bay of pigs. >> is that right? >> yes. they didn't send us, she was 5, and i was 5 1/2. otherwise, we would have gone, too. >> yes. >> i seen a list that the brigade was over 3,000 men but only 1,200 to 1,400, i understand, landed. my uncle was part of the team that was supposed to go in ahead of the invasion, to help the resistance and to prepare, and he never landed. they found out about the invasion later. >> there were many other units. there were false invasions. there were infiltrations. there were a number of things going on at the same time. the actual brigade that landed

will talk briefly in 1999 pedro who was conceived in cuba and then his mother and father fleet to o havana when his mother was eight months pregnant, a sports writer he was in havana for a game between the orioles and the cuban national team, a very big deal and pedro was there where his family lived and they recognized him. they left in 1962 but they recognized him. one of the things he did while he was there is write an open letter to bill clinton: for the end of the economic embargo. pedro lost friends over that but he showed courage so there's been an outpouring in the world. we lost pedro on sunday. it's that speaking with passion, what you stand for, knowing what you stand for and not being afraid to talk about it even when it's a difficult situation are qualities i would point to in anthony and pedro. it's on a level of values i believe this essay collection has importance. i know we will move on to topical matters but that's the way that i wanted to set it up. if we cannot talk to people as each other that we can't get anywhere. to which the rest of the program visit booktv.org and

will talk briefly in 1999 pedro who was conceived in cuba and then his mother and father fleet to o havana when his mother was eight months pregnant, a sports writer he was in havana for a game between the orioles and the cuban national team, a very big deal and pedro was there where his family lived and they recognized him. they left in 1962 but they recognized him. one of the things he did while he was there is write an open letter to bill clinton: for the end of the economic embargo. pedro lost friends over that but he showed courage so there's been an outpouring in the world. we lost pedro on sunday. it's that speaking with passion, what you stand for, knowing what you stand for and not being afraid to talk about it even when it's a difficult situation are qualities i would point to in anthony and pedro. it's on a level of values i believe this essay collection has importance. i know we will move on to topical matters but that's the way that i wanted to set it up. if we cannot talk to people as each other that we can't get anywhere. to which the rest of the program visit booktv.org and