we know the importance of examining the broader hbcu context. it is primarily liberal arts institutions but i hope this demonstrates the need for funding to support applied research at these institutions which is necessary in promoting hcbu value propositions. i've only got five minutes so i want to highlight a few positives about the kirkland paper and provide some suggestions and ideas for future research and briefly talk about implications. i want to identify the fact that the kirkland paper provides empirical evidence that reinforces recent efforts by the hbcu community to promote continued access to much-needed financial aid dollars. the study also provides evidence that confirms financial aid matters when it comes to retention and especially student gpa. the last finding we don't have enough information on. the kirkland study also gives voice to an hbcu which is referenced in total but not considering the wide range of nuances that exist. research ofbased this caliber is needed to inform the work taking place on the ground and to inform th

of students at hbcu. research by practitioners like dr. kirkland business are dreaming vigilant for future cases like this. thank you. >> thank you very much. now we have the time we can ask questions. there's microphones here at the end of each file. so come forward quickly. while you coming forward ongoing to pick one of the authors. a lot of the problem with abuse of loans taking place in the for-profit sector. are we firing a cannon and hitting a wrong target as we try to restrict plus loans or other kinds of institutions? sera? >> i mean, i think there's no question about where the challenges lie, although if you think the store for for-profit is the work computer that's been told thus far. i think are probably some that are engaged in behaviors that we should be concerned about, and others that may not be. but i think the fact of the matter is that we're trying to design our way to a policy solution that is overly complicated because we are unwilling to make simple statements about where our funds,

percentribution is nine -- 28% is explained by hbcu status. previous cohorts show that hsi has a negative contribution that has lessened. does not ask lang the treatment as they -- a critical problem is illuminated when we compare graduation rates of black and hispanic youth to that of white students of considerably more advantages. this is not only texas, but natural -- but nationally. what can we learn if we are to move forward? go ahead and show the msi slide. you already did. our paper suggests we are against account -- is not that we are against accountability but we recommend there be much more clarity on the contributions to the and likelihoods of outcome of educational circumstances that are not likely to change before the rating system is put in place. we leave you with the following recommendations -- college completion is not just a post secondary story. failing to account for this result would penalize institutions and large numbers of minority students. finally, given the role of economic and disadvantage preparation expiring the

hbcus play a role in educating black students.hey probably do a file as the less selective predominantly white institutions to which many go. when i was in california recently, i noticed that large numbers of black students, slave descendent african students of middle class, their families send them to private colleges and universities and pay a lot of tuition for that because they can't get in the university of california system and they can't get in because the requirement there and the end of affirmative action is led to a situation where test scores discuss score hegemony that they don't get in. there is a 4% were for high school graduates at any school in the state that can get in. but that doesn't do the job either. to these parents paid money for them to go there or send them to the historically black institutions that still exists. so the ambivalence the society has via the one hand saying we want to end hbcus and some of the safe because we don't need them because they are white colleges and universities are predominantly

we find, for example, that minority-serving institutions, particularly hbcus and hispanic-serving institutions are more proficient at producing s.t.e.m. degrees for blacks and latino students respectively. the other thing is because these particular efficiency scores have not controlled for input, that's a different kind of measure, is more selective institutions do better than expected. well, in terms of efficiency. but what we've done is really then broken down the selectivity so you can take into account access to find, actually, the most efficient kinds of institutions. what we're doing next is trying to visit these institutions. so what's the bottom line here? any metric should take into account the characteristics of students, particularly focusing on the degree completion of low income, first generation and underrepresented minorities as well as institutional resources. i think both indicators help to identify those top performers in terms of social mobility, and i'm hoping that a ranking or rating system nationally would actually be, actually, used for that not necessarily to basically

so the ambivalence the society has via the one hand saying we want to end hbcus and some of the safecause we don't need them because they are white colleges and universities are predominantly white one and these kids can go there and the teachers can go there when in fact they can create the problem. so what we have to do is figure out holistically how to solve that problem. until we do, and we have it, there is a need for the institution. also the institutions have a history. was that i could be said we don't need to have colleges and universities, so let's go over to notre dame. people would say what? what about the football team. no, i'm kidding. they just wrote michigan last night. anyway, so i think is the need, a history, legacy and i don't see any reason why the schools should go out of existence. >> host: jaundice: and from the third. john, please go ahead. >> caller: hello, thanks for taking my call. hello? dr. berry? thank you very much. a few things here first of all, how do you like philadelphia in my city? i grew up there and i'd like to get your opinion on it. >> guest: