guest: we have a number of scholars who work on policing and criminal justice issues including heather mcdonaldrafael, jim copeland, among others. we have journalists who work on this set of issues as well, so there is, as you might expect, a range of opinions. we always want to encourage our scholars to go where their ideas take them, provided they are confident, with our deep belief in the central importance of public safety, and i say, when you are looking at this moment and looking to the future, it is very important to keep in mind that effective policing is vitally important. you can change society in any number of different ways, but effective policing, that sense of public safety is a foundation for economic growth or a flourishing civil society and everything else we care about. so then the question is what are the policies that will deliver more effective policing over time? there are many thoughtful people who offer different perspectives on that set of issues but one thing i am personally very concerned about right now is that there is a sense in which we are demanding more from pol