civilians feel it, henry halak's not a burn and torch everything guy, either.al law. in 1862, he was good friends with a guy who was a legal scholar. he comes and visited halak while he's still in the west, and halak's urging lieber writes what becomes known as general orders number 100. you heard of it as the lieber code. it's a code of conduct for how to treat noncombatants in war time. it becomes the foundation for the geneva convention. this is a guy who also oversees the transition to hard war. it's a more complicated concept than we at first think. it involves more than burning and destruction. it means something more specific than suddenly the devil came down to dixie. so what it really means is how people thought about, how they prosecuted the civil war shifted from pitch battles between armies to a much broader context between two full societies. by the summer of 1862, the union has recognized that the war can

civilians feel it, henry halak's not a

we have november of 1861, henry halak, saying all of these sort of -- all these black labors, former slaves, they're not supposed to be there. again, contradiction. ambiguity because the order is -- it's sort of recognizing the breach wasn't attractive. it drives camps crazy. what are we going to do? but there it is. it's a conundrum, and it's a conundrum that drives soldiers crazy. you have a wisconsin guy writing to his hometown newspaper in the hopes his elected official will read it, saying on this, the government policy makes no more sense than the ancient oracles. lincoln will say one thing to congress, another thing to appease the border states, and in the armor, every general does whatever he pleases. as far as he's concerned and telling his readers at home, the only policy that made sense was direction action against slavery because that's the only way to win the war. well, 37th congress, second session, does begin to take direct action. the first thing they do, january of 1862, they overturn the visit krittenden resolution. it was passed in the first weeks of the war. and i

we also see mcclellan replaced by general henry halak. now, halak is a very different guy.fferent idea about how wars should be carried out. rather than guarding civilian property as mcclellan's method, he argued it's the property of active rebel sympathizers could be confiscated by the army because it's time they should feel the presence of war. halak rather than mcclellan is sort of noting to all involved things are going to change. they don't change like we suddenly start building fields of hay. they change in ways that say all of society and not just armies are in play here. and a clear example of war being something that happens not just on battlefields, not even just in violent confrontation, but in all levels of society is the famous butler's woman order. general order number 28, issued by benjamin butler in new orleans, louisiana. butler keeps popping up in all kinds of places. he truly is one of the most opportunistic figures in the war. he's always good for a story. here's what he does here. union troops as you know occupied new orleans in may of 1862, and the wom