composition and the social economic status of the school, and that was her way of ensuring students were at least receiving equal opportunities through having access to algebra classes, higher-level science, things like that. she also instituted a citywide testing program. the purpose of that testing program was so that educators could assess their own effectiveness with students, and go back in to see what needed to be re-taught, instead of what we have now, more of a punitive system. she established new graduation requirements, the first since 1947. she consistently balanced the budget, which she achieved during her first year, and she maintained for 11 years. she improved the bond rating of the district, and there were no strikes. i mention that because in the 1970's and 1981, teacher strikes were so severe in philadelphia that one year school did not start until november. students went to school until christmas, but the contract was still not agreed on, so students were then out of school again well into february after christmas break. so the fact that she was able to have 11 years with no teacher strikes was huge. not everybody loved her. [laughter] her leadership styl