to recognize the role of the hippocampus in memory? >> so the famous story of hm, was later revealed to be henry melissa congressman hice in this are talking about, he had really terrible epilepsy and they couldn't treat it with medicine and finally in a last-ditch effort to save him, a service wash buckling surgeon decided to remove both of his hippocampus. it was good reason to think that that might work because hippocampus very bold global region can break citable and very prone to seizures. but no one knew what it did. and if you think about it, removing like both of the whole brain structure, it's got to do something, it was risky but they were hoping to save his life. it wasn't until he woke up in the hospital and kept asking his mother with a bathroom was, that they realized they had really hurt his memory. so he was studied extensively for the rest of his life by brenda milner and suzanne corrigan and others who really were able to tease out, we talk about memory, memory that most of us talk about that we care about is a memory

ways to protect the hippocampus?ost: but i want to talk about other issues of memory like the comparison between the memory that is comparable to alzheimer's. lots and lots of people have been prescribedny fentanyl or illegal versions of the same but yet we don't see an epidemic of memory loss to that one on one kind of way even in your book and there's probably more but still were not target about what anybody would talk about. not a pandemic that the has the research been done? because i find this part what causes the damage to memory? to people understand this what it is about sentinel quick. >> what causes the damage and then second is why does it not happen to most people? first, how does it cause the damage is a little wonky that they are two main classes of ron's the excited neurons that we think about that they pass the message along and those represent the majority of neurons in the brain also inhibitory neurons and their job is to like the bouncers at the bar. and then that's what happens with sentinel. it

so my hippocampus who quality jim mack. i've always felt so sorry for him and is part of a group which damage to the brain but this is not the same thing but a famous case of in phineas gage who accidentally was a formal cortex of his brain allowed and that injury again a lot of people to recognize what part of the brain helps deal with impulse control. threes usually influences but you actually follow the patient and i love this prayed he writes an essay at the end of your book. and you draw some parallels to hm and the way that his conditions helps us understand injury and how injury affects memory and one of you would just talk a little bit about him as a case study. not only what we see in these images but what we see in the way that these injuries affect people's lives. >> he was really a remarkable person i'm so grateful that he was willing to share his story with me for the buck. book. he overdosed after 18 months of some variety unintentionally and woke up in hospital with his injury. but because he had actually fou

so my hippocampus insists on calling him hm. i've always felt so sorry for him, right, and he's part of a group of cases in which damage to the brain, this is not the same thing but there was a famous case of a worker named phineas gage who had an iron bar that accidentally was forced right through the frontal cortex of his brain and that injury again, a fatal injury but people recognize what part of the brain helpeddeal with impulse control . so hm was usually influential but you follow a patient's and in fact, and i love this, he writes an essay at the end of your book, a. you draw some parallels to hm in the way that his condition helps us understand memory and how injury affects memory. i wonder if you would just talk a little bit about him as a case study, not only in what we see in these amazing images of the hippocampus but what we see in the ways these kind of injuries affect people's lives. >> is really a remarkable person and i was so grateful because he was willing to share his story with me for the book . he you know

protect the hippocampus? >> 20 in on that mechanism of injury for a minute and then open it back up to other issues m to that comparison that were comparable to alzheimer's. those that have been subscribed fentanyl. and then with that epidemic of memory loss. so i'mal not talking with anybody word talk about. but the epidemic. but what causes the damage to memory? to people understand what it is about fentanyl? >> there are two questions in their what is causes the damage and why a dozen not happen to most people? >> the first is how does it cause the damage but there are two main classes of neurons in the brain those excited thereont that fire and pass the message along. those represent the majority but those are also called inhibitory neurons. so when they are out of commission it is chaos and then locks onto the specific opioid receptors and shut them down. then those excitatory neurons are out of control and burning up more energy. so they are somewhat hypoxic so that exacerbates the problem. it with that

and use that knowledge to find ways to protect the hippocampus? >> i went to zero in on that point between the memory that are comparable to alzheimer's. lots and lots of people have been prescribed fentanyl. more versions of the same. yet we don't seey an epidemic of memory loss and an exposure to one on one kind of way. even in your book, this probably more since the book. you research the book. not a pandemic but an epidemic. has the research been done? i always find this part, what causes the damage to memory? why it is so case specific? what it is about fentanyl? >> there are two questions in there. one causes the damage and why does it not happen to most people? the. first one how did it because the damage he gets a little wonky. basically there are two main classes of neurons in the brain there's excitatory that we think about they get enough input they fire and pass the messagelo along. those represent the majority of neurons in the brain. there also called inhibitory neurons. their job is to manage everything they're like the bouncers at

to recognize the role of the hippocampus in memory? >> so the famous story of hm, was later revealed to be henry melissa congressman hice in this are talking about, he had really terrible epilepsy and they couldn't treat it with medicine and finally in a last-ditch effort to save him, a service wash buckling surgeon decided to remove both of his hippocampus. it was good reason to think that that might work because hippocampus very bold global region can break citable and very prone to seizures. but no one knew what it did. and if you think about it, removing like both of the whole brain structure, it's got to do something, it was risky but they were hoping to save his life. it wasn't until he woke up in the hospital and kept asking his mother with a bathroom was, that they realized they had really hurt his memory. so he was studied extensively for the rest of his life by brenda milner and suzanne corrigan and others who really were able to tease out, we talk about memory, memory that most of us talk about that we care about is a memory

so the first thing to go in alzheimer's and protect the rate is a hippocampus.ned is just part of the brain this necessary for the formation of new health memories greatest of this part of the brain is under attack you can imagine the information that recently happened will not go into a lasting memory. so can't remember having driven to the store rated that happened a few minutes ago and really of little fuzzy and how i got here. that if you start repeating yourself a lot, because you don't remember rachel's buddy something. you repeating yourself a lot need to remember, like i don't remember telling get this. and again, the conversation to bring to primary care physician. and treat it like heart health people. it doesn't mean like if i admit i have a memory problem, to fall off the cliff and have alzheimer's tomorrow. like heart disease, we have ways to prevent this and have ways that we can prolong the distance and push alzheimer's away off into the distance. we know that heart healthy mediterranean diet can reduce your alzheimer's risk in half. i cure this g

because of their relationship, we have a very tight bond with the motion and the hippocampus that iscting the aspects and the elements. some on the one hand influencing if we wille remember something or not but if it is emotional we will also talk about it. that is the stuff that matters that's what gets our attention. what do we pay attention to. >> you cannot remember something if you don't pay attention to it i cross the bridge and i have done this thousands of times and then to suddenly think that i go over the bridge? i can't't remember. i don't remember driving over a colossal four-lane bridge but if somebody wasut standing there about to jump off if there was a car accident is someone called and there was amazing news and i happen to be on the fridge i will remember driving over the bridgege that day. emotion helps us to pay attention and also form memories'm to make it is a part of the interview i don't know where to go because are so many things they want to ask that you talked in the book about how you remember things that t didn't happen can we talk about that? it's anothe

the hippocampus is a structure required for the formation of any new consciously held memories. because of their relationship , we have a tight bond between emotion, the amygdala and hippocampus which is busy connecting the different aspects and elements that contain a remember moment. so on the one hand emotion strongly influences whether we're going to remember something or not. on the other if it's emotional where also going to talk about it . that's the stuff that matters. that's the stuff that gets our attention. sort of like it's positive feedback, we will pay attention to. that was a big emotion attached to that, that gets your attention. you can't remember something if you don't pay attention to it. if i'm driving from boston to cape cod, i crossed the sagamore bridge. i've done this thousands of times. i might be 10 miles past the bridge and somebody thinks did i already go overthe bridge ? i can't remember. i can't remember driving over a colossal four-lane bridge because i couldn't pay attention to it but it's if someone were standing on the bridge about to drop offan

the hippocampus is a structure required for the formation of any new consciously held memories. because of their relationship , we have a tight bond between emotion, the amygdala and hippocampus which is busy connecting the different aspects and elements that contain a remember moment. so on the one hand emotion strongly influences whether we're going to remember something or not. on the other if it's emotional where also going to talk about it . that's the stuff that matters. that's the stuff that gets our attention. sort of like it's positive feedback, we will pay attention to. that was a big emotion attached to that, that gets your attention. you can't remember something if you don't pay attention to it. if i'm driving from boston to cape cod, i crossed the sagamore bridge. i've done this thousands of times. i might be 10 miles past the bridge and somebody thinks did i already go overthe bridge ? i can't remember. i can't remember driving over a colossal four-lane bridge because i couldn't pay attention to it but it's if someone were standing on the bridge about to drop offan

that has a lot of direct influence of the hippocampus which is also part of the system but the hippocampus is a structure that's requirement in the formation of any new consciously held memories. because of their relationship, we have like a very tight bond between emotion, and hippocampus which is busy connecting the different aspects in the elements of remembered moments. so on the one hand emotions that only influence whether we will remember something or not, on the other, if it is emotional, while you going to talk about it and that is the stuff that matters and gets our attention and again sort of like a positive feedback loop here. what we pay attention to, that was a big emotion attached to that and gets your attention it, can't remember something if you don't pay attention to it. so i'm driving from boston to cape cod, across the bridge, i have done this thousands of times. i might be 10 miles out from the bridge in some way saying, did i already go over the beverage, cancer remember. i can't remember driving over this colossal for plain bread dish. but it is something they were s

the first thing to go on alzheimer's, the first thing under attack in your brain is hippocampus. your brain necessary for the formation of new consciously help memories of this part of the brain is under attack, you can imagine the information basically that's happened ♪ ♪ into a lasting memory so i can't remember having driven to thee store because it happened a few minutes ago, iid am fuzzy on how i got here. if you start repeating yourself a lot because you don't member you told someone something, someone sank your repeating a lot and you don't remember, you are unaware of this, i don't remember telling you this, again it's a conversation to bring to your primary care physician treated like heart health people, it doesn't mean if i admit i have a memory problem, i'm going to fall off the cliff tomorrow, it's like parkinson's, we have ways to prevent and prolong the distance and push alzheimer's way off into the distance by doing the right things for your brain health so we know heart healthy mediterranean diet can reduce risk of alzheimer's and dementia byby half, that's a lot

called the amygdala, the limbic system and that's a lot of direct connection and influence over the hippocampus were just also in our limbic system, it's a structure required for the formation of any new consciously held memories so because of their relationship, we have a tight bond between emotion and the amygdala and hippocampus which is busy connecting different aspects and elements that contain a remember moment or experience so on the one hand, emotions strongly influence whether we remember something unopened on the other, tais emotional and we are goingo talk about it, that is the stuff that matters and the stuff that gets our attention again, a positive feedback loop here, what we pay attention to? well, that is a big emotion attached to that, that gets your attention. d can't remember something if you don't pay attention to it if i am driving to cape cod and cross the bridge, i've done this thousands of times, i might be 10 miles past the bridge and suddenly think what did i already go over the bridge? i can't remember. [laughter] i can't remember driving over a four lane bridge becau

and so because of their relationip we have a very tight bond between emotion and hippocampus which is busy connecting the different aspects and elements that contain a remembered moment or remembered experiment and trend experience. on the one hand and motion strongly influence whether were going to member something or not. on the other if it is emotional we are also going to talk about it. that is the stuff that matters. that is the stuff that gets ouour attention. again it's a positive feedback loop here. what do you pay attention to? wow that was a big attention you can't remember something if you don't pay attention to it. if i am driving from boston to cape cod i cross the bridge. i've done this thousands of times. i might be 10 miles past the bridge and suddenly think that i already go over the bridge? i can't remember. i can't remember driving or a colossal four-lane bridge because i never paid attention to it. but if someone were standing on that bridge about to jump off, there'd been a car accident on the bridge, if someone called and there is amazing news, someone is getting

so, that's the first thing to go on alzheimer's, it is the hippocampus. as i mentioned it's a part of your brain that's necessary for the formation of new consciously held memories. this y part is under attack. you can imagine that information that's recently happened won't go into a lasting memory so i can't remember having driven to the store because it happened a few minutes ago and i'm a little fuzzy on how did i get here or if you start repeating yourself a lot because you don't remember you told someone something. if you're repeating yourself a lot and you don't remember, like i don't remember telling young this, again this is a conversation to bring to your primary care physician and treat it like heart health. it doesn't mean if i admit i have a memory problem in going to fall off the cliff tomorrow. it's like heart disease. we have ways we can prevent and prolong the distance by doing the right thing for your brain health, so we know the heart healthy mediterranean diet can reduce your risk of alzheimer's and dementia by half. if i had a pill tha

know, the first thing to go on alzheimer's, the first thing under awe attack in your brain is the hippocampus -- >> host: right. >> guest: --ing the part of your brain that's new, consciously-formed memories. if this part of your brain is under attack, you can imagine that information that's recently happened won't go into a lasting mory. so i can't remember having driven to the store because that happened a few minutes ago, and i'm really a little fuzzy on how did i get here. or if you start repeating yourself a lot because you don't remember that a you told someone something. >> host: right, right. >> guest: if you're repeating yourself a lot and you don't remember telling you this, again, this is a conversation to bring to your primary care physician. treat it like heart health, people. it doesn't mean, oh, if i admit i've got a memory problem, or i'm going to fall off the cliff and have alzheimer's tomorrow. we have ways that we can prevent, we have ways that we can prolong the distance and push alzheimer's way off into the distance by doing the right thing for your brain health. so we kn