despite the challenges inherent in communicating in an unprecedented economic and holocene environment, about a future that can be in -- imperfectly foreseen, i will explain why i believe that i'll see transparency remains -- policy transparency remains an element of the strategy for meeting economic objectives. to understand the critical role that the federal reserve's communications about monetary policy have played in recent years, it is useful to start by discussing the role of monetary policy communications more generally. including the relationship between policy communication and the broader policy framework. making monetary policy is sometimes compared to driving a car. with policymakers pressing on the accelerator or the brakes depending on whether the economy needs to be sped up or slowed down at that moment. analogy is imperfect for at least two reasons. first, the main effects of monetary policy on the economy are not felt immediately but instead play out over quarters or even years. hence, unlike the driver of a car, monetary policymakers cannot simply respond to what lies