one thousand nine hundred six the big business tycoons you know the koch brothers of their day howard hughes was given. money there were slush funds there were there were big wall street corporations he was a little california congressman he he knew where you know you get the money from the powerful people you do what they want you'll go far didn't he was he was making cohen who did the fundraiser for richard nixon where he brought all these bookies in and showed them to do a lot of their job is hotel ballroom lock the doors he had all these bookies nixon's number one fixture strategists. and we have an office in nixon's white house but during his brother they represented over two hundred bookies from a cohen so they were nixon are there all these bookies are there and mickey cohen says a you guys aren't leave until we raise so much money for dick nixon dick nixon stands up and says a few words and gets the heck out of dodge and and they raise the money when he runs for the california senate he does the same thing and the other important thing here i mean there's so much important new bombsh

legal and he didn't really have opposition anyway so you know when he had the deep money from howard hughes them and walsh and then the mob but then in sixty two after he lost a very close race to. j.f.k. no matter all of the help nixon got much more help from the mafia than the case ever been accused of giving. he ran for governor nixon did a california sixty two and they did try to they did commit crimes there caspar weinberger was the head of the california republican party and nixon had a lot of his other people h.r. haldeman his later chief of staff who was a mad man a wall street i'm sorry madison avenue type advertising executive you know they put together a fake democratic party organization and you know some sort of middle of the road democrats and and hey maybe we should vote for nixon and they were sending out these postcards under these you know using the u.s. mails to defraud california democrats they were caught but you know there was really no criminal penalty there were some small fine but i mean and that's just the tip of the iceberg i mean nixon later on. launcher was when

. >> up next, historian hugh howard from the point of view of james madison and someone not the same. the decision to declare war and the succeeding battles on land and vs america but it tug-of-war for mid-independence. this is just under an hour. >> hello, book friends and welcome. thank you so much for coming to the book often assigned berkshire evening. as a melon or nearly 40 years of business, we are peace here at the book laughter potiphar fiction section. they represent books we've read in the whole ballgame attention from comments. we often ask each other come as to what are you reading? and when told me ask, staff it? may be or, yeah. even though hugh howard and i are best friends are down more than a few beers together over the years and have written many chairlifts side-by-side, doesn't follow that with staff take his excellent new book. i did it because it is in fact an excellent book. more on that in a moment. hugh howard got his book work in a new york for various publishing houses for over 10 years as an architectural historian. he wrote a series of articles for "the ne

i get this howard hughes-y feel with the planes, hollywood. do you think about that ever? up in a cinema by myself watching ice station zebra over and over again. i think i've got such a diverse set of interests, movies, aviation, technology-- >> howard hughes. >> well, i don't know if howard was involved in sports teams. >> allen's diverse set of interests also led him to invest in over 100 business ventures. most of them were poorly managed or ahead of their time, so they flopped, and he slid from being the third-richest man in the world to 57th. were you just too early, or was it that you really needed a bill gates and didn't have that other person to push it through? >> look, in microsoft days, you had some great ideas and some great execution between me and bill and many other people. you know, in technology, most things fail. most companies fail. but i had some whoppers. >> some of his whoppers, however, produced numerous patents. in a move that angered silicon valley, allen sued several giant companies, accusing them of infringing on those old patents. who are you s

[applause] >> historian hugh howard recounts the war of 1812 from the viewpoint of president james madison and first lady dolley madison. the author examines the decision to declare the war and the succeeding battle on land and sea has america fought the second work from britain. this is just under an hour. >> hello book friends and welcome. thanks so much for coming on this fine evening. as many of you know in our 40 years of business at the book what we are proud of our staff takes section we hope will gain more attention from our comments. in fact we will often ask each other what are you reading and when told, we will ask staff pick? mabey word mali didn't hold up our yes. even though hugh howard and i are friends and have found more than a few years to get over the years and have written chair left side by side while skiing it doesn't follow however that i would staff pick his excellent new book. i did it because it is in fact an excellent. more on that in a moment. he got his book working in new york for various publishing houses for over ten years as an architectural historian he wr

had assumed he would be, but he was a very awkward kid raised in the church and assessed with howard hughes. as one of larry's friends told me this guy is out there somewhere where the buses don't go. that was their impression of larry. he furthered this impression by saying odd things to people like his best friends he told he was going to make a lot of money and live far away and never talk to them again, which his best friend some sort of took offense to ancillary fault that this was totally acceptable. he told them he was going to make a lot of money and catholics don't get a divorce and he didn't want to get half of his fortune to a catholic girl, to a woman. he told them he wanted to be an actor and wanted to be an evangelist said he would study jimmy swaggart late at night and he got the picture of his always said he could study how this man manipulated and hypnotized people with his eye is. he also will fight his mother for some reason. he would tell friends about all these wonderful things he would do like hayrides and he had to keep his job at cambridge which is about three and ha

. >> howard hughes, manhattan institute. critique has emerged from the left of american capitalism encapsulated by the work of the economist emanuel sigh as which has it that inequality has increased, that the increase in inequality has diminished mobility and this reveals a fundamental flaw in a system that you are extolling. i wonder if you think one, few believe those trend lines as identified accurately, if the date is correct and two, whether, if that trend is verifiable, whether that is because we have already strayed from a productive free market system undermined by cronyism or whatever, or whether it's a function of competition that you discussed earlier and as a result, and in either case, how do we sell this inequality increased to the american people such that they don't go in a direction that would concern you? >> i think that is an excellent question. i think the income inequality is by and large increasing income equality is clearly a matter of concern for everybody. not just the left. i think everybody should

eric kandel, a nobel laureate at columbia university and a howard hughes medical investigator. >> we can discuss parkinson's and huntington's disease two gedenrative diesels that affect movement. what is interesting about these disorders is the history. if we consider autism, which is a program we did recently, that was discovered 60 years ago. we've had beautiful, detailed, insightful descriptions of parkinson's disease huntington's disease that go back over 1 years. jameskiar pnson's, in 1817ar, desixib sed families s who had what he called shaking palsy. the symptoms are a tremored rest. an abnormal posture and muscular weakness. this description was so detailed and so excellent, that physicians soon were able to characterize the disease and see exactly what parkinson's was, and they renamed the disease from shaking palsy to parkinson's disease. it was a long time before we began to understand what some of the mechanisms underlying the disease was. it was only around 1960 we dan to realize the disease is caused by fact that there's a death of dopa meanic neurons. dopamine is a mod

he is as you know a nobel lawyer yet at the university and a howard hughes medical investigators. he gets our program off this evening telling us what it is we're about to see and talk about. we're full of stories of alzheimer's. people have been touched by it, their parents, somebody, their grandparents. we know there's something called age-related memory loss. how can we understand what we want to discover in this conversation? >> as you pointed out, it's very helpful to divide memory loss with age into two categories. what's called age-related memory loss, normal energy or benign senescent forgetfulness and the dementias. benign senescence forgetfulness like your muscles get weaker and stiffer so there's a weakening with age. this is in contrs to dementia which is a progressive much more serious disease. and it's impacts other aspects of memory storage. with normal aging, there's good news. as you're going to hear from david holtsman. >> rose: that's why i did it, see. that's exactly the reason. you once said find ways to challenge your brain. all of those people say i'm workin

eric kandel, a nobel laureate, professor at columbia university and a howard hughes medical investigator. this is going to be fun. >> tell me, is it really true one of the great questions is about consciousness? >> it is the greatest question, in all of science, and certainly the deepest question is brain science, and the amazing thing is, as we sensed in the last program, that this is an area of knowledge that we thought was primitive and i think what we are going to learn today an amazing amount of progress has occurred in the last decade and a half. we not only have a better understanding of unconscious processes, but also of conscious processes, of disorders of consciousness. and we are going to learn a lot from this. to begin with, it is important to realize that consciousness is not a unitary faculty of mind. there are different stages, that range from coma to deep sleep to waking up from sleep to stumbling around, to recognizing people, to enjoyin being present with people, to initiating voluntary actions, these are all aspects of consciousness. and they really happen in a single

as you know, he is a nobel laureate, a professor at columbia university and the howard hughes medical investigator. we begin our program with the question: what are the similarities and differences of various brain disorders? >> we're going to consider various brain disorders and, as you know, the brain is the most complicated organ in the body and therefore susceptible to more diseases than any other organ. and we're going to begin by considering psychiatric, addictive and neurological disorder which is encompasses all brain disorders. we're going to ask the question what are the similarities and differences between them? now, this is an issue that has been discussed for decades and the thinking about it can be divided into sort of three phases. the first phase, which is perhaps best called the moral phase continued until around 1800 when many physicians thought that only neurological diseases are based in the brain. that psychiatric disorders and addictive disorders were not brain disorders, they were weaknesses of character, moral disorders. and people with addictive and psychiatri

. >> and eric kandel, he is a nobel laureate, professor at columbia university and howard hughes medicalinvestigator and begin as usual, with dr. kandel. >> thank you, charlie. >> rose: what should we be doing? >> we should think about how we got to where we are, andou y began that very wonderfully at the beginning of the century the founder of modern psychiatry divided the major psychiatric illnesses, the psychotic illnesses into two groups, disorders of thought and cognition and disorders of mood. disorders of cognition he called dementia precox and now call schizophrenia and discussed that, a couple of programs ago. the disorders of mood, we now realize depressions and this is what we are going to discuss today. depression comes in two forms. unipolar and bipolar depression. >> unipolar depression was appreciated as early at hippocrates in the fifth century bc, he thought that all diseases of the body were due to imbalance between the four humors they didn't think of diseases as being organ specific but mind specific. blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile and depression was an exc

eric kandel, a nobel laureate, professor at columbia and a howard hughes medical investigator. >> so tell me where we are today. what are we going to find out on this journey. >> we are going to speak about psychiatric illnesses today. in the last few programs we spoke about neurological illnesses, disorders of consciousness, of cognition. today we'll speak about psychiatric illnesses and the most devastating of all psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia. we have danny hurley here who can tell us what it is like to actually experience the disease. the disease is tragic from several points of view. first of all it's fairly common. 1% of the population worldwide suffers from schizophrenia. two, the disease affects people early in their lives. and often is not remitting. so it's with them for the rest of their life so it really affects people in a very dramatic way. we have known about schizophrenia for a very long time. but we've had very little scientific understanding of it. so hip october rattees already spoke about psychotic illnesses. but it wasn't really until the beginning of the

. >> for greta garbo, solitude was a mantra for henry david thorough, an ideal, for howard hughes an obsession .. but for more and more americans today, it is just reality. >> i would argue that the rise of living alone represents the greatest social change of the last 60 years sociology eric klein berg spent years tracking the seismic spike in solo dwelling. >> today in the united states, there are about 32.7 million americans living alone. >> that is an incredible number. >> it is an incredible number and it is a massive increase over, you know, where we were in 1950 when it was just 4 million americans. >> clearly if you live alone, you are not alone. >> this is like finding an island. it is like finding an island with a society that no one had ever studied before. ♪ one is the loneliest number that you'll ever do. >> in cities like seattle, san francisco, denver and cleveland, roughly four out of ten households are single person homes. one is no longer the loneliest number. >> and then there is manhattan, where nearly half of all households are made up of just one person. standin

faded from historian hugh howard recounts the war of 1812 from the viewpoint of presidential james madisonand first lady dolly madison.

and howard hughes, can you get a flying boat to run on nat gas? and alfred k.which would you ask, the chicken or the egg? a german chemist who did some pioneering research in mercury poisoning, things like that. our viewers are always marter than we are. >> the most essential of all elements. >> that's not bad either. a couple minutes left here, dan. you've been pretty stubbornly, i would say net bearish through the summer. has that been trying for you? >> i would say the threading of a needle -- and we thought the market would appreciate. our assumption was by the end of september you would be flat. where i'm going to be wrong is that september is not down. i think history suggests that. i think a letdown on the part of jackson hole. when you get to the fed meeting and other items that come into the middle of the month, there's ample room to take this policy back down into the mid-to upper 1300s at which point we'll reassess to the end of the year. >> kind of looks for central bank catalysts might go away empty handed if jackson hole is a dud, if the ecb do no

and later historian hugh howard recounts the war of 1812 from the viewpoint of president james madison and first lady dolly madison. >> john kennedy once met with harold mcmillan, the british prime minister. and you read the papers of the day, you know, they discussed arms control or whatever issues between the two parties, which they sure did, but only long afterwards did we get the notes on what they said exactly to each other in private. turned out that kennedy spent a lot of the time complaining about bad press coverage. the press was being tough on jackie and other things. and mcmillan who was a generation older said, jack, you know, why do you care? brush it off, it doesn't matter. you have other things to worry about. and kennedy quite heatedly said, well, that's easy for you to say. how would you like it if the press said your wife is a drunk, and mcmillan replied, i would have simply said, you should have seen her mother. [laughter] it gives you a fun idea of what these people like that you just can't learn in realtime. >> historians and biographers use the advantage of hindsi