hugh kennedy is an expert on arab history and he's written a number of book on middle eastern history. this is his effort to establish the caliphate as it was and the history of an idea. there's an obvious reason why the caliphate holds an obvious appeal for so many young muslim. it was a time when islam ruled the world. baghdad had half a million people during the time of the caliphate. london and paris had maybe a few thousand. this is the muslim world at the height of its power. what they're trying to show is that the caliphate had these ingenious qualities per there's no one caliphate. when it was led purely by worship of god or like any political structure it's much more complicated than that. there were caliphate who were spiritual and those who were warlike. you can find it justification for almost any kind of political audience. i think this is a necessary corrective to this kind of rhetoric. >> one more book you have coming up. >> there's an interesting book in political science called locked in who is written by a law professor and a statistician which is about why we strugg