and hugh kennedy is an expert on arab history with deep demand of arab sources at university of london. he's written a number of books on middle eastern history, and this is his effort to establish the caliphate both as it was and the history of an idea. and i think, you know, there's an obvious reason why the caliphate holds such enormous appeal for so many young muslims particularly, because it was a time when islam ruled the world. i mean, baghdad had half a million people during the time of the call lives -- caliphs when london and paris had maybe a few thousand. this was the muslim world at the height of its power. but i think what he's trying to show is the caliphate with these incredibly heterogenous qualities. there's no one caliphate. the idea of a time when islam was pure, when the polity was led purely by worship of god. but, of course, like any political structure, it's much more complicated than that. there were caliphs who were deeply spiritual and deeply war like. you can find a justification for almost anything, any form of political action in the caliphate. so i think

>>mark: are some pictures vicki kennedy got this is getting married on saturday and--vicki liviakis. >>gary: i might as well said hughl but he has a few dollars on his side you would not know the way he carries himself he is a nice person. >>gary: i did not know that you went back in that your wife used to work with our before you guys matt my wife used tanker with her and she helped me get my job here 15 years ago and is her fault that i am here. >>gary: your son or you can see someone all i know have him put in the piggyback and that can mean the down payment on his first car. >>mark: is a great time he was an usher and he had a great time we all have a great time usually we're talking all week and so when the weekend comes you rather our way on the couch in the that was terrific. >>gary: sea finally got her money's worth saturday night. >>mark: his dad called him and stay strong he went to church and prayed for strength wow they mated 20 seconds before he started crying and he made it to men as before he bought up. >>mark: 60 to pick the highest tech in the low was taken ever major league baseball to get an major