that's why the long-time use of hydro fracking for tight gas and then the more recent use for shale gas is so important. you can see, if you subtracted those wedges, that we would have a much less -- much less domestic production, and we would have to be importing that gas to replace that production. the usgs, then, our role is to try to -- one of our roles is to try to assess how much undiscovered gas might be out there, yet to be discovered, using current knowledge and technology. and to go back to this slide, this is all on the right-hand side, a projection. in order to make that projection, you need to have an assessment of how much gas is yet to be discovered. so we use standardized methodologies that are based on gee logic model that we prepare, and then we apply some statistical or probabilistic approaches to try to estimate how much gas might be out there yet to be discovered. and that's an uncertain business, which is why we use these probabilistic approaches. and we use -- because of the transparency of our methodologies and the consistent see of our methodologies, our assessm

i don't know how much conventional gas as posed to the hydro fracked gas and what i said in my talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the pad sizes and whatnot. >> i'll add to that we, some of our researchers are using remote sensing techniques to look at the total amount of disturbance associated with construction of pads, pipelines and roads for wells that are fracked compared to wells that are conventional, conventional shower production. and i think that is due to be out in the next several months, so i just say check back and then there will be some results on exactly to the question you asked. >> as dennis mentioned earlier in his remarks in areas where we hardly have any hydro carbon production in the past, sudden activity now ran into a community is a stark change to what they are accustomed to, not just more truck traffic but the whole effect on the community with that many people. you'll find companies come in, they will lease up every room of the hotel. it changes the dynamics of the area. one of our aspects of our studies will look at socio-economics, the effects of ch

there's so far no economic incentive to go to the extent of hydro fracking. when you put this together, it holds up to over 1,400 feet of gas. that is a substantial amount of gas. our domestic production is about 22 trillion cubic feet a year. -- i want to change to talking about will. we often do on conventional oil assessments because these sometimes contain oil. the most commonly known as the base and in north dakota and montana. that illustrated here, our mean estimate is about barrels of oil. we still have not completed all of our assessment. this map will be updated over the next year. i want to turn briefly to this map from the energy administration to show that shale basins occur throughout the united states. looking at a map like this and combinations of our resource estimates gives planners and policy makers an idea of where future production might occur in addition to the ongoing production that we have right now and be able to predict where infrastructure might need to be built. or where impacts might need to be mitigated. i want to just leave you

you look across the border at pennsylvania, all new york has to do is decide they will allow hydro fracking. they could be having the boom pennsylvania has. they could be at topping the development and deployment going on. >> unfortunately, that does not seem to be happening. >> but it could upper new york could turn around. >> 1.5 years ago, in conjunction with the bush institute, we did a conference called "america, natural gas nation." we had governor ed rendell, who was in the waning days of his governorship in pennsylvania, on one of the panels with the assistant attorney general for the great state of new york. two different worlds. governor rendell was traveling and the fact that they had least over 450 drilling rights. i think it was up to 12 in new york. to hear the attitude towards frackin and taking advantage of these opportunities. we at several companies from the drilling companies come up next and say what they chose to locate in pennsylvania, do these sorts of drills, and suck that gas out of new york. [laughter] it was interesting when you saw the taxes and incentives workin

the hydro frack, the earthquakes typically would be limited to two and there would be lots of them and they're not really a safety concern. it is really injection of the fluids that have to be dishe is toed of that are a consequence of the production operation that is, has the potential to trigger earthquakes. i think i just made my last point. so if is this a significant phenomenon in the united states? this graph i will try to walk through with you to convince you it in fact is a very significant phenomenon in the united states although it is localized and of course the earthquakes have not been all that large but what my colleague bill elsworth from the usgs and from the usgs office in menlo park have done is a simple exercise to count the number of earthquakes. they're counting all the earthquakes in the central part of the united states between these two bars larger than magnitude 3 through 1970 through most of last year. this is, count does not representative of the size of the just the number of earthquakes of any size larger than magnitude 3. what you see here is a fairly const