this hydrogen has a chemical symbol h. guess why? hydrogen, hydrogen, yeah, okay? and then we have numbers like this. these digits, this digit down here corresponds to the atomic number. that tells you the number of charges that are in the nucleus. that's one. and this digit corresponds to the atomic mass, over here atomic number and this one here atomic mass. an atomic mass refers to the number of particles in the nucleus. we call these particles nucleons, because sometimes you can have a neutral particle in there called a proton. and when you have that proton, this is still hydrogen, turns out that positive nucleus-- yes, lee? the neutral particle is a neutron. - what did i call it? - a proton. oh, did i call the neutral particle a proton? first time in my whole career... yeah, thanks, lee, thanks, lee. the neutral particles are neutron. guess why they call it neutron, gang? neutral. come on, neutral, guess how much charge it has? none, okay? and it turns out this proton, which does have a positive charge, pulls on the electron and pulls it together. later on, we

he build a hydrogen balloon that was more or less like a spaceship.t was this grant, 100 foot tall, immensely considered in every detail craft. they left the harbor. it took about one hour for them to disappear from the view of the people watching. they had a lovely first night going across over the ice. gradually, they began to encounter more and more fog, which is a fatal circumstance for a balloon because intinue ntinues to shrink your supply of hydrogen. it brought them after three days to the ice. then, they were no longer explores. they were adventurers. no explore wants to be an adventure. it's a terribly frightening and unsettling thing. they had no idea of the truly punishing quality of slogging through this terrain day after day which was utterly unsympathetic. they would spend an entire day and make only a few hundred yards. they begin to see an island and it began to seem over the course of a couple of days that they could see the island. that is where they set off and it's not unreasonable to think they arrived at the island in and unbeli

a third hydrogen explosion had exposed pools of discarded radioactive fuel to the atmosphere. these spent fuel rods were still highly radioactive. if the pools boiled dry, they could catch fire, and the contamination could be even worse than from a reactor meltdown. >> we had some pretty clear indication that there was fuel damage occurring in the spent fuel pools from the lack of water. and as they were worried about japanese citizens, we were worried about american citizens. and we thought, to put all this to rest, put water in there. >> narrator: the japanese prime minister ordered a desperate tactic: dumping water on the spent fuel pools from the air. the first crew to take off knew that soviet pilots who'd done this during the chernobyl nuclear accident had subsequently died of cancer. >> (translated): that morning, before i started the engine, i called my wife. she said, "if someone has to do it, then go and do your best. i am praying for you." so she was supportive. she was crying at the time. i almost cried as well. >> narrator: an earlier reconnaissance mission had be

it goes anywhere the hydrogen goes which is everywhere in your body in your body in the environment it can go down to the d.n.a. level inside your body and it packs a pretty powerful. at the d.n.a. level or in your cells that would be the electrons and particles and whatnot it's a beta matter but if you were to listen to the nuclear regulatory commission or the nuclear industry they treat tritium like it's not even radioactive or they say well you know it's mildly radioactive and it dilutes into the environment a beta matter it's thrown off approach and it's a beta emitter and at those intimate levels it does significant health damage it's a clinically proven cause of cancer birth defects and genetic damage right i mean that would knock if it d.n.a. it could knock one of the u.s. it's right out of the chain and put a hole and the reason that you know these are leaks these are steam generator leaks of radioactive tritium steam into the environment as they try to get these things back under control but they allow these tritium releases on a regular basis by permit because they can't f

the steam interacted with the fuel rods, creating hydrogen. as the pressure built up, the explosive hydrogen, along with a witch's brew of radioactive materials forced its way through a relief valve into the main containment structure and ultimately, the outer building. >> we know the hydrogen is most leaky gas. and there's huge air space in the top of reactor building about 17 meter from the refueling floor. >> the hydrogen that was produced got into the buildings, the upper floor of the building, and then just pooled. and then, while it would have taken was a small amount of energy-- a spark, a light, anything-- and it would have caused the explosion. >> o'brien: it was an unprecedented multiple meltdown disaster. for the first time since the chernobyl accident in 1986 large quantities of dangerous radioactive materials, about one-tenth the chernobyl release, had spewed into the atmosphere from a stricken nuclear power plant. but tepco's problems were only just beginning. to prevent further core damage plant workers began feeding seawater in

the middle of the 1890's that he could be the one to discover the north pole by flying to it in a hydrogenloon. he built a balloon which was like a spaceship for its kind. it was a grand, 100 foot tall, and as the considered in every detail. they left the harbor and took about an hour for them to descanted your boss to disappear from the view of those people watching them -- they left the harbor and it took about an hour for them to disappear from the people watching them. gradually, they countered more and more fog which is a fatal circumstance because it continues to shrink the supply of hydrogen. it brought them to the ice after three days. then, they were no longer explorers, they were adventurers. no explore wants to be an adventure. this is a terribly frightening and unsettling thing. they after day they were sloppy in through the terrain which was utterly unsympathetic. -- day after day they were slogging through the terrain. they began to see an island and over the course of a couple of days they reached it. they set up camp. it is not unreasonable to think that they arrived in des

cover for the nuclear containment vessel is visible in the number four reactor building where a hydrogen explosion ripped out the walls. a person in a yellow work suit can be seen walking on what was the fifth floor. ten workers wearing white protective suits are using a crane to cover the seabed near the plant with cement to stop radioactive substances from spreading offshore. the government declared last december the fukushima plant had been stabilized but water leaks have been reported this month. contaminated water is being stored in about 1,000 steel tanks in the western part of the plant compound. >>> volunteers trimmed cherry trees in the northeastern city of kesennuma, miyagi prefecture, a city devastated by the earthquake and tsunami last march. about one-third of the cherry trees on the banks of the ookawa river in the city were washed away by the tsunami nearly one year ago. the trees that survived the disaster managed to bloom last year. this year the surviving trees have sprouted buds. on sunday, more than 30 people including members of a group to preserve the trees pruned a

. >> i want to know -- i want to understand that it is hydrogenated oil and that canola oil is not hydrogenated so the thing to do is to cook in canola oil like french fries and you do therefore thwart the effect of transfats, is that correct? >> you prevent the production of transfat. more and more companies are moving in that direction. and if you talked about -- >> should they lift the -- list tion is requiring it one year from now. >> have you also taken action with your group to effect the kind of change we're talking about? >> oh, yeah. >> what have you asked for? >> in 1993 we started asking the fda to label transfat. in 2004 we asked the fda to -- >> do you think -- you deal on the marketing level all the time. do you think restaurateurs ought to put on their menu the volume of transfat in the foods? >> i think they should because the thing that, from a consumer perspective, people are eating out, they're not preparing their own food, people don't cook nowadays, they go to fast-food restaurants, fast casual restaurants and have no idea approximate. >> our time has expired. thank you, to

if this occurs the fuel cells will starve from oxygen and hydrogen in about two minutes and you can'testart them so it was extremely important to get data back and figure out what happened onboard the spacecraft real quickly. john aaron was the, again, one of these 26-year-olders in mission control. and he proceeded to talk the crew through bringing the fuel cells back online, and then once they had gotten power restored normally onboard the spacecraft, then it was a question of another controller, buck willaby trying to establish what to do with this tumbling navigation platform, should they pull the circuit breakers, what should they do? but the bottom line is by the time that the crew got to orbit we had restored majority of the spacecraft's system and jerry griffin, in a very gutsy move, and with the help of his leadership, made the decision go to the moon. that day i was sitting in mission control and sig scholberg, the deputy, was very concerned about the impact of the spacecraft by this lightning strike, as was kraft. scholberg went down to the trench and started polling these

food provisioning or things like that but you had to load the oxygen on-board, you had to load the hydrogen peroxide, which by the way, was a big problem on john glenn's flight because we had to scrap a couple of times. and then you have to see that all the pressure systems work correctly. and that you can integrate it with the other activities that the launch crew has to do. for instance, do you have to check the command of the structure. you have simulators in it. then after that you have to hook the connectors up. now we have to verify that the connectors are hook up correctly. so there are lots and lots of things that you have to do in order to verify that everything works correctly. so that was what we had to do. sometimes it takes hours and hours on end to do that. as a matter of fact, we always had a little joke. laying on your back for hours on end is not the most comfortable thing so one time during mercury the doctors in the -- the facilities they are always our enemies because they always came up wanting to poke the astronaut one more time, need some more blood, need some more ur

hydrogen fuel cells seem promising because of their design flexibility.e headlines in a minute. in it is a hot spot, more on that coming up with george in a minute. kraft dot >>mark: our big story this hour, news out of ohio, five high-school students injured after their car shot in the cafeteria of their high- school just 30 minutes east of cleveland. the suspected shooter is in custody and students have been evacuated. does this is the time has now revealed more locations where additional victims are merk buried in north and california. of the shermantine says victims are buried in modesto, stockton and middleton. for the month of a human bone fragments have been discovered at the locations he has led authorities to are ready to sit gas prices are still on the rise. we have seen them jump for about 19 days street. the average price for a gallon of gas has to 185 over the past two weeks. >>darya: before you head out, there is a hot spot. george family touch of tracking a few different hot spots. the most recent of which is this right on interstate 580. i

a hydrogen explosion blew off the roof and sent debris into the pool. the utility plans to further study the inside of the storage pool before removing debris and spent fuel rods. influential u.s. senator carl levin is welcoming the change of course for okinawa. the u.s. and japan have agreed to separate a plan to move thousands of marines from the plant relocate military base. levin chairs the u.s. senate armed services committee. the body oversees defense policy and spending. congress has limited funding for the transfer of marines from okinawa to guam from the budget. the move usa was part of a larger plan to relocate the marine corp. air station to another site in okinawa. many congressmen said local opposition made the base relocation unfeasible. u.s. and japanese officials announced on wednesday they will separate the two issues. levin said his committee needs further information. he said members want more details on the realignment of marines before they approve the budget. japan's foreign minister says the government will ask the united states t

however ark hydrogen explosion blew off the roof and sent wreckage into the storage pool make it difficult to assess is condition of the contents. the utility plans to study the inside of the storage pool before removing debris. influential u.s. senator carl levin is backing the change of course for okinawa. the u.s. and japan have agreed to separate a plant to move personnel from a military base. levin chairs the u.s. senate armed services committee. the body oversees defense spending. congress has limited funding for the transfer of marines from okinawa to guam from the budget. the move was part of a larger plan to relocate the air force to another site in okinawa. many congressmen said local opposition made the relocation unfeasible. japanese officials said they would separate the two issues. levin said his committee needs further information. he said members want more details before they approve the budget. japan's foreign minister says the government will ask the united states to return five land plotsccupied by military facilities in okinawa. the return of facilities is part of the a

. >> h for hydrogen. >> everything occurred naturally in our world put together in an organized fashionhis in 2002 and started collectings all of these elements and it's trending because a lot of science sites are picking it up. years ago he was reading a book -- >> he has a paragraph where he describes the periodic table and he describes it as having samples on it. turns out i was misunderstanding. >> after he realized his mistake he was like -- >> there ought to be a periodic table table. >> if you lift up the squares he has samples of the actual elements. >> a sample i don't usually keep out because if somebody were to break the bottle it would be bad. >> that took me a while practicing being able to lift this thing because this weighs about 11 pounds. >> of course there is really valuable elements on the periodic table, we're talking silver, gold, platinum. he keeps all of the really valuable elements in a safe. >> 3 1/2 ounces roughly of gold. silver coins. gold nuggets. >> i wouldn't want to eat anything off that table. >> don't spill anything on it. >> thought the world needs a p

allowed to get off the bus on a hill near the number four reactor and see the damage rocked by a hydrogen blast firsthand. during a previous media tour. reporters had to stay inside their bus. radioactivity levels on the hill are now 50 micro receivers per hours. the bus passed by cooling systems. workers have swathed pumps with sheathing and wrapped pipes with insulation materials to prevent leaks. >> translator: we will work the make the plant stable and safe so we can assure people that the plant will not release anymore radioactive substances. >> it is expected to take about 40 years to completely decommission the damaged reactors. tokyo electric officials faced a challenge of ensuring safety throughout this long process. 40 years after the first human set foot on the moon, the earth's only satellite is attracting a new generation of explorers. private companies and organizations are vying to develop the moon's rare metals and other resource. rapidly industrialized nations such as chi nap and india are also getting on board. but all this raises a fundamental question. who owns the moo

. >> the the only single occupancy vehicles now allowed in a carpool lane is hydrogen internal combustions. electric car advocate said there so many hybrids on the road in part causing traffic is a good problem. >> in the short-term, yes. increased pollution from the conventional hybrids out of the hov lane. in the long-term, they are cleaner cars and even cleaner air. >> he predicts traffic conditions will improve for everyone by decreasing carpool lanes. >> what are the study shows is there is room for them and room for the priuses and in fact room for a few more vehicle classes. >> even though the policy went into effect on january 1st, the dmv said they haven't sold the green stickers. many of the cars that qualify are not on the market yet. as you heard some say there would be a cost to changing the policy. caltrans insists there is no cost associated with that. >> it's a gray area and people confusion to whether they can or can't. the stickers were taken away and a lot of people are confused about the issue. >> one thing for sure according to the research, we are sitting in traffic

would have less impurities in them and it's an early indication -- all oil is made up of carbon and hydrogenkind of compounds are in this oil. as you refine oil, we're basically separating the hydrocarbons and the different compounds out of the oil. some of the early crude oils that you found up in pennsylvania were somewhat like this, they were lighter crude oils. they were easier to refine and had a lot of kerosene compounds and kerosene cuts in them. made very well for that. when spindletop was famous in 1901, its crude oil was a fairly thick crude oil and had a lot of sulfur in it. and the main product was kerosene. spind spindletop crude oil did not make kerosene very well. and it was one of the -- sort of inciden instigated a whole new market for crude oil, one of which was firing sugar refineries in louisiana and also they started using it on steamships. they replaced coal with fuel oils. they're still steam-powered but you use the fuel oil to fire the burners. we have a small exhibit here that talks about distillation of refining. it's heated up, and what we're doing -- basic first s

which would have less impurities in them, and really an indication all oil is made of carbon and hydrogen, and all different compounds are in this oil. as you refine oil, what we are basically doing is separating the hydrocarbons and different compounds out of the oil. some of the early crude oils you found in pennsylvania or crude oils, easier to refine, have kerosene cuts. they made it well for that. when spindle top was famous in 1901, its crude oil was a fairly thick crude oil and had a lot of sulphur in it. at the time, the main product was kerosene. spinned he will top didn't make kerosene well. it ins city debated a new market for crude oil, one was firing sugar refineries in louisiana, and also started to use it on steam ships, they replaced coal with fuel oils, processed out of spindle top. they are steam powered, but using the oil to fire the burners. we have an exhibit that talks about distillation refining. one process in refining. in this instance, we heat it up. anything distilled, it is heating into vapors or gases, then it is condensed. refining, what the first step in ref

nicholai much a whole city is the person in charge of the police maintenance to raise it he uses hydrogen which is obtained through an old recipe mixing sodium hydroxide with water sarah silicon and a minion powder the gas created it is just as effective as any commercial produced . nicholai prepares it to radio location and generic the control center inputs the data required for a successful launch finally balloon is ready to go and is released. it will float up forty kilometers into the air and it will start gathering data about the situation in the lower atmosphere. eager to make use of the warm. whether the actor's laughter is digging up some timber buried in the sand the wood will come in handy the winter turns out to be cold slabs house is quite old with large cracks in the walls it is vulnerable to the weather so having more firewood never hurts. to do in one thousand nine hundred four i went to live in ukraine but i spent twelve months there but i didn't like it. is no freedom there. i'm not suited for farmer's work so i came back here. they have american hunt and fish i'm free to

and as we sequence, what actually happens is a charged, a charged ion is released, essentially a hydrogen ion or a proton, hence the name of the instrument. so it has a charge on it, and we're simply able to measure that charge. by measuring that charge, we can actually determine, um, the sequence, we actually see the chemistry in realtime by measuring that charge. >> host: so what are the practical applications of this, dr. scott? >> guest: yeah. as i said, it's primarily biomedical research. one of the things i'd like to point out is the smaller version or kind of the little sister to this instrument is called the personal genome machine to give you a concrete example of what that was used for. it uses the same type of semiconductor sequencing. you may recall the e. coli outbreak in europe a few months ago. so the personal genome machine was use today very rapidly sequence that pathogenic e. coli bacterium, obtain the full sequence so that a screen could be rapidly developed. so the utility of this technology is it's very, very fast. >> host: so is this technology on the market? >> gues

how come they never tried to develop the hydrogen bomb? guest: on the first question, there is no evidence that iran is trying to stall. all the evidence is that they are accelerating. this new facility, near one of the holiest cities, uncovered by the u.s. and admitted to by the iranians. a very high level. very close to a nuclear weapon. all the evidence is that it is full speed ahead to them. the second question they have embalm and a nuclear bomb -- a nuclear bomb is much more powerful. a hydrogen bomb is kind of an older technology. a nuclear bomb is much more powerful. host: we're talking about persian gulf states and nuclear energy. go ahead. caller: i am just curious why we are not advancing reactor studies. as a more dbase source of power. you can get energy out of it. it is more prevalent than i iranian. -- then uranium. there is a curved going on. i'm not sure about the studies. it is give and take on each side. when you look at those first water supplies in the himalayas for example, they know that their water is running out, e

look at the efforts they are making to make sure things are going to be more hydrogen nick. they are cleaning desks -- high again nick. they are cleaning -- it is not influenza. but an outbreak of stomach flu, lasts about 72 hours. highly infectious, spreads when people don't wash hands after using the restroom or getting sick. out here yesterday there were lots of students getting sick. >> there's about 20 students sitting in front of the dean's office with trash cans and i saw some kids throwing up. it was not a sight to see. >> reporter: the problem continued last night at the st. ignatius girl's basketball game one of the players got sick on the core. the boy's game is scheduled -- on the court. the boy's game is scheduled for tonight that is a go even though the starting five is sick. bizarre scene if they do play. as far as the school goes it is closed today and the plan now is to reopen tomorrow. if you would like more information about the problem out here the stomach flu as it is called in general, you can go to abc7news.com and click on see it on tv. we have linked

plant and three reactors went into full meltdown in the hours and days that followed a series of hydrogen blasts caused massive damage to the plant. it took until december for the japanese government to declare those reactors stable. >>> just in time for the national cherry blossom festival, the national mall has a new tour bus service. the national park service tells us the new express bus will be operational on march 12th, a week before the blossom festival begins. it will loop from union station to the world war ii and lincoln memorials over to arlington cemetery. then to the martin luther king memorialsonian metro station. it will cost $5 a trip and starting today there is a new shuttle at arlington national cemetery that will cost $8.75 per person. >>> well, people lined the streets of old town alexandria today to celebrate our nation's presidents. the annual presidents' day parade rolled through the heart of old town. it's the largest parade in the nation that celebrates george washington's birthday. there were also celebrations at george washington's mount vernon estate. >> well, i

. >> she let it sit in hydrogen peroxide all day before touching it. she says thieves burglarize herd home a few years ago and this necklace a lot of sentimental value, because it is one of the only pieces of jewelry that she still owns. >> a very nice story. >> yes. it was meant to be. >> uh-huh. >>> all right, jeff ranieri, if you can top that i would be impressed. >> showers tomorrow. >> there you go. >> big storm that would solve our drought issue now, that could top it. look at the golden gate bridge, we are finding clear conditions, let you know when our best chance of showers will be in a few minutes. >>> all right, jeff, coming up in sports, head down to the at&t pro am to find out if tiger woods could regain his pebble beach preeminence. >>> and find out how alex smith ended up coaching jim harbaugh today. we explain the rolee xfinity ev sportsdesk.xt from thle xfinity sportsdesk. "and what's your name?" "oh, it's flo." "and what do you do?" "oh, i sell insurance like no one else." "oh, that's nice." "thank you." now, that's progressive. call

many past fuel cells failed because they needed expensive pure hydrogen.ot this box. >> our system can use fossil fuels like natural gas. >> mm-hmm. >> our system can use renewable fuels like landfill gas, bio gas. >> solar? >> we can use solar. >> you know, it's very difficult for us to come in here and make an evaluation. how are we supposed to know whether what you're saying is true? >> why don't we talk to our first customers? >> he already has customers-- 20 large well-known companies have quietly bought and are testing bloom boxes in california. like, fedex. we were at their hub in oakland the day bloom installed their boxes, each one costing $700,000 to $800,000. one reason the companies have signed is that in california, 20% of the cost is subsidized by the state, and there's a 30% federal tax break because it's a green technology. in other words, the price is cut in half. >> we have fedex. we have wal-mart. >> you have wal-mart? >> absolutely. >> staples? >> staples. >> so who was the first? >> google was the very first company. >> google was the

heat of the fuel rods in the reactor core was creating massive amounts of radioactive steam and hydrogenthe resulting pressure meant the workers could not get water on to the fuel. even worse, it meant the containment vessel might explode. a disaster that could leave parts of japan uninhabitable for decades. >> sreenivasan: "inside japan's nuclear disaster" airs tonight on pbs' "frontline." check your local listings for times. judy? >> woodruff: and that's the newshour for tonight. on wednesday, we'll look at the g.o.p. battle for delegates, what's the present count, and what's at stake on super tuesday. i'm judy woodruff. >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. we'll see you online, and again here tomorrow evening. thank you, and good night. major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> bnsf railway. >> the william and flora hewlett foundation, working to solve social and environmental problems at home and around the world. and with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. and... this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by cont

. this is all caused by a hydrogen blast that rocked the plant.hat was almost a year ago, march 11. two months ago the government officially shut down the fukushima plant. >> in iran u.n. nuclear inspectors are in tehran talking about the country's controversial nuclear program. last week president mahmoud ahmadinejad toured the key facility that holds iran's nuclear reactor. he insists the program is for peaceful purposes only. new this morning iran is considering extending its oil embargo on france and britain to other european countries this as oil prices jump to a 9-month high. to the state of washington where a pro skier is counting her blessings after surviving an avalanche that killed three of her close friends. she was the only female in a group of well known skiers who ventured to an out-of-bounds area yesterday. the only thing that saved her from the rush of snow that carried her almost 2,000 feet was this, it's an air bag-like device she was wearing and she managed to deploy. she will tell her amazing story this morning on the "today" s