atoms. i'm gonna take the hydrogen-- just the nucleus of the atom, okay? i take the hydrogen, i shake it back and forth, okay? now, it's harder to shake the helium. how come? because it has more mass. there's four nucleons. over here is only one. then i take the lithium and i shake that, easier or harder? harder. what's the hardest one to shake? uranium. why? it got more mass. let's make a graph of how hard to shake versus atomic number. would that be fun? it'd be a drag. but let's do it anyway, okay? because i'm gonna lead it up to something that's kinda neat. how hard is it to shake, that's mass, isn't it? mass, huh? inertia, yeah. versus atomic number. i'm gonna start out with one and i go to right up here to 92. all my atoms, yeah? my graph would look something like this, gang. it start to go straight. it turns out the first 20 or so atoms have as many neutrons as protons, so they kinda go straight up and then it starts to curve. and you know what this graph tells you? this graph tells you something not so wild, common sense. that if you wanna take the

this is for a hydrogen atom, now. yes. let's supposed i have a helium atom. now, we got two protons. it turns out there's two neutrons here too. and you know what? you know what's gonna happen to this space over here? take one guess. everyone. everyone. this charge out here now sees two protons tugging on it. how many say, "it'll be pulled into a tighter orbit"? how many say, "no, no, no, it'll stay the same"? how many say, "no, it'll be pushed further away"? check your neighbor. -- how many say it's gonna be tighter? yay, that's right. and it turns out, for a helium atom, the helium will hold the electron tight. and furthermore, it will hold another one too. the fact it holds another one makes it a little bit bigger, okay, 'cause they're repelling over here. but a helium atom is smaller. it turns out a helium atom won't gang up with any other atom, so there's no such thing as a helium molecule. we have two positive charges right next to each other like that, how do you deal with that? why don't those two positive charges repel? why don't they repel? look how

whether it is the atomic bomb that is copied or the hydrogen bomb, or in this case, predator drones,e by other people and will be coming this way. we have 800 bases around the world under this empire. we're very vulnerable. we have created hatred. >> when we started our drone attacks in yemen, there were 300 members of al qaeda there. now there are 700 or 800 it backfired. we just made people hate us. we refer to cia operators to target people in pakistan, we refer to them as of splats, people killed there. and it pakistan is or human beings? to operators here, they are but splats. >> we have to join the rest of the world with a comprehensive peace plan. we have to be a member of the united nations and not an outlier. >> oscar award winning filmmaker oliver stone and historian peter kuznick, i want to thank you for being with us. their book, "untold history of the united states." the 10-part mini series on showtime ri. democracy now! is looking for feedback from people who appreciate the closed captioning. e-mail your comments to outreach@democracynow.org or mail them to democracy no