washington distributed the process of in ttelligence throu his army. he built a system of logistics in november and december. he did as not a chan in of logistics. now most of the states of the union were involved. it was deliberately designed in that web like form because it meant that if one piece of it broke the other pieces could still function and that's what what happened. and this was a hugely difficult job. that washington himself had to run. there is his, his, published papers will run to more than 100 vol volumes. 75% of the papers are military papers. most of them are logistics about the logistics of the army. and washington was corresponding with all of the governors of the state. simultaneously. with many other people as well. and he was leading what was, first american -- national institution. after the continental congress. the continental army became a school for the design of institutions. and also for an idea of leadership. he also had to find a way of fighting the war, the american people -- had, made very difficult requirements of th

the aging general in chief of the u.s. army, winfield scott, remembered curtis from the mexican war. and he essentially arranged his appointment to general. scott's faith in curtis was not misplaced. when the dust settled, curtis would be the most successful commander in blue or gray west of the mississippi river. curtis realized early on that his greatest opponent, his toughest opponent would be geography. the campaign would take place atop the ozark plateau in the middle of winter. the absence of railroads and rivers meant the federals would have to advance on crude frontier roads. the operative word is crude. under such circumstances the science of logistics assumed critical importance. every step forward would take the federals farther and farther away from their base of supplies the mathematics of the process in raleigh. the mathematics of the process was inescapable. at some point the union army would reach the end of its logistical tether and it would simply grind to a halt. it could go no further. now precisely when and

the army. in philadelphia, the congress decided, as certain members of the congress decided, to take action. pressed now, fearing that peace was coming, they decided to make their move. governor morris wrote to his good friend, general henry knox. a man from boston, the book seller from boston. knox had been with washington since the very first days of the war. he was washington's closest friend in the field. morris wrote to henry knox. he addressed his letter, my dear friend. he suggested that if knox would agree that general knox might lead the army to press the states. he went on to say, to his friend, knox, the army may now influence the legislatures and if you will permit me a metaphor from your own profession, after you have carried the post, the public creditors will garrison it for you. while morris was given the assignment to write to general knox, knox at this time, the commander at west point, alexander hamilton was given the task to write to general washington. hamilton and washington

in the democratic tradition. walter cronkite is our guest narrator as the u.s. army proudly turns back a page of its own history to salute citizen soldier, george marshall. >> the marshall family had settled in southwestern pennsylvania a few years before george catlet was born in 1880. a union town, he entered a slow-moving world that was more a part of the past than of the future. marshall's boyhood passed quietly and the only contact this serious child had with the army he would someday serve came secondhand through his father's recollections of the civil war. america's indian frontier had only recently been tamed and the stories of carson and custer were still fresh enough to excite the imagination of any boy. looking backward over the years, it's hard to find the precise reason why young george marshall decided to make the army his profession. but choose it he did and he began his soldiering at a soldier school. the virginia military institute trained many distinguished army men before george marshall arrived in september 1897. they once boasted stonewall jackso

vandorn was a cavalry man in the antebellum army. in his experience, success depended on speed and surprise. on dash, on boldness. he stipulated that the army of the west would travel light and fast. each soldier would carry only a weapon. 40 rounds of ammunition. a blanket. and three days rations. an ammunition train would follow the army. everything else, tents, bedding, camp equipment, food, medical supplies, would be left behind. the central flaw in all of this, of course, is the assumption that everything would go exactly as planned. vandorn expected to subsist his men and animals after three days of food ran out on captured union army supplies. he gave no thought whatsoever to alternate sources of supply in case something went awry. his overconfidence was matched by his impulsiveness. he was without a staff of his own. he was unfamiliar with his subordinates. some of whom had very little military training or experience. he knew almost nothing of the two very different armies, awkwardly joined together under his command. nor did

in marshall, he found an enthusiastic supporter. it was this kind of army had brought victory out of europe in 1918. as a member of pershing's washington staff, marshall devoted much effort during the next four years toward a realization of the citizen army goal. 1924 brought duty with the 15th infantry regiment in tinseng, china. but the commanding officer of the 15th, colonel newell, marshall posed for a rare picture in mufti. this was his first actual troop assignment in almost ten years. the 15th infantry was operating well enough when marshall joined it as executive officer. but by the time he left, it had become a crack outfit. in the middle '20s, china was fragmented by civil war and revolution and the private armies of chinese warlords fought in all parts of the land for national advantage. the mission of the 15th infantry was to help protect both american trading concessions and american lives. it was a tense, but quiet, assignment for marshall, and before he finished his tour, the 15th had acquired a reputation for smart appearance and snappy prec

this was normal in those armies. it was mostly a place where the commander told subordinates what he intended to do and they did it. in america it was a little more complicated than that. washington had often fluctuated between that very authoritarian style he grew up with and then they ordered him to consult with other officers, which he undertook to do and it was not very successful at first. but then they worked out a way of doing it. his chief lieutenant was sent to the continental congress and in boilermaker they worked out an understanding, first of all, that the continental congress would be the supreme body representing the sovereignty of the people in america. and the generals would obey. but the generals would be allowed to get on with the war. and that was a very unstable compromise, but in a rough way, it worked. then washington also worked out a way in which his counsels at war, unlike the british counsels, were very open. anybody could come in. many other civilians were invited. and washington cultivated

so in terms of the two armies were not far apart in size. the confederate was larger. slightly heavier casualties on the confederate sight. so basically the two armies did about as much damage to each other as they could under the circumstances, and it came out roughly even. the key point is not numbers. the key point is who failed and who succeeded. that brings us to the confederate retreat from pea ridge, which was more disastrous than the advance. the three-day supply of rations in boston issued a week earlier had long since run out. men and animals devoured everything in sight, but unfortunately the sparsely populated ozark quarterside east and south of fayetteville provided only a fraction of the feed necessary for hungry men and animals. a texas calvaryman wrote in his diary, i fear i am in much greater danger of dying from starvations in the mountains of arkansas than i am by being killed by the enemies' bullets. hundreds of rebels wandered away in search of food, and as far as we can tell, never returned to the ranks. the trail of the defeated army for months af

the general in charge of things for the u.s. army in the european theater stationed in england. remember, there was no really u.s. army in europe yet. a bunch of headquarters people running around england decide to find out what to do about this and appoint add committee. the committee came back and said what we need when we finally go into europe, a battlefield decepti deception. they brought the camouflage group from fort meade. a group of radio specialists who came radio disinformation specialist whose wrote scripts that were quite elaborate. a head guy a former script writer for nbc radio, fred foxx, i'll talk about that a little more. they also brought into the fold a group even the army or most people in the army didn't know yet existed, because it was formed on technological breakthroughs. this was the 3122 sonic deception company. signal service company but they called themself sonic deception. these guys were the product of two mavericks. one maverick was douglas fairbanks jr. the movie actor. douglas fairbanks sr., none of you even here is old enough to remember and cer

in part of that army? >> absolutely, absolutely. i did mention juan. yes, there were federalists tejanos in that army, as there were centralist tejanos fighting with santana. tejanos are all over this conflict, and i would refer you, if you're interested in that topic, to an article i wrote in "tejano journey" where that book discusses the role. of tejanos in the texas revolution. again, the name of that book is "tejano journey." >> the reason i ask, when you have the lineup, maybe next time you can include and cite the number of tejanos with the army. >> they're included in the forces with famine and with grant and johnson. so they're included, but they were in larger units, yeah. so they are included in that number. i think we're almost out of time. if you have more questions, i'll be in the hall. >> thank you very much, dr. hardin. [ applause ] >> just over 30 years ago, sandra day o'connor became the first woman appointed to the u.s. supreme court. tomorrow the former justice takes part in a discussion

in lee's case. who does lee fight? >> collin, burnside. >> right. the army of the potomac in general. but arguably the army of the tennessee is perhaps a worse army. the confederate army of the tennessee is a worse army than the union army of the potomac. all right. so, and when i say that, i mean things in terms of -- i mean, you can make that argument that it's plagued. we don't have time to cover that in this class. is it a happy army? no because what's going on? >> none of the generals liked each other. they're all at each other's throats. >> and davis never adjudicates the issue. he should have picked one side and fired everybody else. instead he stays with bragg too long. he doesn't fire polk. they're all attempting to undermine bragg. and bragg is sort of this difficult human being. they were really cranky. there's a great story of braxton bragg, in the old army of how he -- it was a lying officer and the quarter master of his company. that happened a lot. the army was very small. you had to do double duty. he sent a requisition to himself as a line officer that he rejected. it'

its not the protection of property one of the duties of the army in the field, a virginia slaveholder wrote his congressman, demanding that the army position itself, so as to staunch the flow of slaves to union lines in his area near newport news, virginia. of course, slaves were streaming into union lines whenever they had the opportunity. and from the point of view of slaveholder, it was the confederate army's job to prevent this. taken as a class, slaveholders proved spectacularly unwilling to sacrifice property for nation. quote, the planter is more ready to contribute his sons and his slaves to war the mobile register declared. you cheerfully yield your children to your town country, how refuse your servants another broadside blasted. and perhaps there is nothing surprising about this. in a country founded explicitly for the protection of property and slaves. given the protections written into the confederate constitution there was only so much the government could be, could do to compel compliance. planters colluded with their slaves in foreign to pressment, they occupied territ

in evaluating lee. who does he heat? >> burnsside. >> joe hooker. the army of the potomac in general. arguably the army of tennessee is perhaps an even worse army. the confederate army of tennessee, than the union army from the potomac. when i say that i mean things in terms of -- you can make the argument that the confederate army is plagued and we don't have time to cover that in this class. maybe some of you did. is at happy relationship in the army of the confederate army of tennessee's high command? what's going on. >> none of the generals like each other. >> and davis never adjudicates the issue. davis probably should have picked one side and fired everyone else. you have essentially a corrupted command climate. he stays with bragg for too long, doesn't fire polk, so they are all attempting to undermine bragg and it's sort of this -- and bragg is this difficult human being. we think he might have had stomach problems, so you got to read stories. there is a story of braxton bragg how he happened to -- i think a line officer and he was i think the quarter master of this company. yo

army. but he would exceed this in the next month after the army of virginia under john pope was destroyed at second manassas and retreated pell-mell toward washington. once again the president had to rely on the one general he knew who could build an army from scratch and so he did. he called mcclellan back. he reorganized the army of the potomac. and he moved subsequent to the battle of second manassas into maryland where lee had taken his army in northern virginia. on the 13th of september, 1862, he came across a marvelous special order 1891 outlining how lee was conducting his campaign. mcclellan has sent this message down to washington, lee has made a gross mistake. i have his plans. i'm going to defeat him. i'll send you trophies. and then came in rapid succession the battle for the south mountain on the 14th of december where mcclellan's battle went into battle cheering, less than two weeks after they'd been defeated at second manassas. they seized passes over the south mountain and fought lee on the bloodiest civil day in the civil war, along antiem creek. he should have soundly defea

why is lee put in command of the army? >> johnson gets injured. >> johnson takes a bull let where is the other four star? he happens to be in richmond. put him in command. the rest is history. lee has nothing to do with that. you can make the same argument about various episodes in grant's career. so what is grant's career like? it wasn't great. he does pretty good in mexico. he has an excellent combat record in mexico. some of you probably heard of grant's -- he liked to -- what's the story? some issues with alcohol. and it's still controversial if that ever comes up during the war. some people say there are few episodes. some people say none at all. the consensus is he obviously does fine. but he gets out of the army. hi happens to know how to be an officer. then he gets various opportunities. he makes the most of them. all these things are strangely random. unlike lee. he has a distinguished career. not just in mexico. but throughout the rest of it. there's a lot involved in this. so that's something to consider about wh

that was his last official duty in the army. and the pentagon repeatedly refused to let him do that. in one of his letters home to his wife he complain head was so tired of burning records. so tired of lying to brother officers about who he was, what he was doing. so tired of never being able to wear his own insignia and telling anybody he met, sorry, i can't tell you about this. or telling them outright lies which all the guys had to do throughout the whole war. i mean, i'm sure to this day there are guys from the 28th infantry and the whatever who are sitting out there who one dark night heard tanks roll up on their flank and thought, thank god, the sixth armor is here, hover, and in fact a bunch of guys with basically wire recorders and loud speakers and rubber tanks. the second part of your question is a very interesting one because even the os scht and other secret organizations have been allowed to publicize their efforts during the war. the most current theory probably is that because the u.s. was going to use some of the

pursue a private life, the man with a passion for facts, will long be an example to those who follow in the armyin the government of his country, and in a peaceful world he worked so hard to make. now this is sergeant stewart queen, inviting you to be with us again for another look at "the big picture." >> "the big picture" is an official report for the armed forces and the american people. produced by the army pictorial center. presented by the department of the army, in cooperation with this station. >> our specific mission is to work to -- see to it that human rights remain a central come poen encome -- com component of american foreign policy and when we are evaluating our foreign policy moves, human rights quacan't bee only consideration. >> katrina swett -- tfo >> whether we are talking about torture as it relates to the war on terror or the reset policy with russia, you know, and, and the upcoming issue of whether or not the u.s. congress should pass the accountability act which is, we don't need to go into the details of the policy issue, whether or not we are going to stay on record as

in particular, colonel john armstrong. armstrong was writing an address to the army at newburgh. we know armstrong was writing it because the original's in armstrong's handwriting. the original document. the document was copied that night and on monday morning it was taken to the temple of virtue where every morning the adjutants from the regiments arrived to get their daily orders and on this morning among the daily orders was this address. it began, it is anonymous, he did not sign it, the address began, gentlemen, a fellow soldier whose interests and affections bind him strongly to you, whose past sufferings have been as great and whose future fortunes may be as desperate as yours, would beg leave to address you. will congress address our wrongs or will they trample on our rights? if peace comes and we put down our swords, what then? the address went on to rally the officers. and then declared at the end, we will meet tomorrow, tuesday, the 11th at the temple of virtue. as soon as this address arrived at washington's headquarters, he immediately issued a general order canceling

in some bad neighborhoods. when he got back, though, he looked at what the army had to offer him. kind of a stultified period in our history. unless you were particularly fond of chasing comanches along the rio grande. that didn't really offer quite so much to a young man on the way up as did an offer from the illinois central railroad. as you know, railroad construction and expansion was a dot-com boom of the 1850s. he submitted his resignation to the army, as did a number of his fellow west pointers, to begin his engineering career and within a year he was moved up to the position of vice president within the illinois central railroad. he soon, as i said, became very, very successful and well known. he was also going through a little bit of a crisis in confidence. i said that his family was of the whig-ish variety. and he had always admired people like conservative politician daniel webster. he found himself the more he heard about this radical group, these abolitionists within the new republican party actually repelled by their pushiness and demands for this and demands for that

new people new ones who dedicate their lives to serving in the army and later when we develop them in the officers it. is up us and. others the security of the believe is. anyway this is a constitutional duty but we also have this system of higher education and there is a rule that if you go to university do you must have a way to finish your education if a person and there are two different views in the two different positions and the situation parents and students i think that this is right to some generals think that this is wrong and should be changed and my position is very simple i think we need high skilled professionals and in some cases most of making a break in the education process is very disruptive it's not only in some cases because if we take a look at the education system in our country is our system is somewhat that you access. when you have we have more than one thousand and one hundred fifty universities when you are still. in the soviet union that we had six hundred universities at the pool with another with this doesn't mean that we should close half of our univer

in march two thousand and five an american army major made surprising revelations in this army review he claims that the use of white phosphorus proved highly effective in fallujah. he adds that he used will and we against the insurgents the major refers to such deployment as shake and bake missions according to this officer white phosphorus was used in iraq to kill. given this damning evidence the international press seized upon the story. it would have to wait until november sixteenth two thousand and five for the american administration to officially admit to the media that the city was brought in with white phosphorus. back to fallujah seven years after the bombing the population is convinced that white phosphorus is still killing. such is the case with police he lives in the jolan neighborhood one of the hardest hit by the bombing. in two thousand and five pound of the first charity for war victims. this is aimed to gather as much information as possible beginning with these files on sick children. this child for example developed a brain tumor just after the bombing back in two

now i'm a fighter i was an officer in the iraqi army under the old regime i thought for seven years in the war against iraq some parts of missiles i've seen a lot of them i know what i'm talking about. with these american bombs it was different they exploded and. they produced something abnormal something that i don't think i've ever seen before which obviously. the strange bomb that this resident refers to contain white phosphorus. chemical incendiary weapon often compared to the napalm used in vietnam. according to the geneva convention. civilians and civilian objects may not be attacked in any circumstances by incendiary bombs. basically the use of white phosphorus is banned in any populated zones the american army claims to have used it only to illuminate combat zones. yet in fallujah thousands of inhabitants were still in the city during the bombing . kabul eunice arranges to meet me at the martyrs cemetery a former football stadium three thousand five hundred bodies are buried here resistance fighters and civilians alike. this is where eunice played football today he comes to med

the people wondered how a small city like fallujah could resist against the world's most powerful army. in march two thousand and four four mercenaries under contract to the us army were killed in their vehicle on the outskirts of town their mutilated bodies were dragged through the streets then hung under this bridge as trophies it was one of the very first acts of violence against the united states these pictures were soon seen all over the world it was the start of an escalation that culminated in the battle of fallujah in november two thousand and four the death toll list of one hundred thirty four g i's and thirty five hundred iraqis saluja became a symbol of the revolt accordingly the army imposed very strict checks in the city the fingerprints and retina scans of every last inhabitant were recorded on u.s. army files never has any town undergone such treatment. residents were even issued with biometric id cards. this paginate was made to answer a leaflet. seven years later the badges are no longer needed the city is now under the control of the iraqi army but flugel remains the hard

but in every case he urged caution, in other words, well to put it in modern army jargon, the current strategy goes like this, don't do nothing dumb. be careful of your flanks. tidy flanks would be important. not wanting to find himself isolated in northern virginia when joe johnston heard about all this activity especially the fact that there was going to be a major attempt to move down the chesapeake bay, he said i'm very vulnerable here, and as bob crip pointed out, joe johnston had no ambition to attack washington. so he withdrew. and when he did withdraw his forces from manassas and centreville, he left mountains of supplies that he didn't have any way of moving out. those supplies were still burning on the 11th of march when the union forces just basically marched into centerville and manassas, unopposed, bacon, rations of all sorts, uniforms and perhaps most critical bales of newly constructed leather brogans. if you think of a confederate cause for concern for lee's army and every other army luthrougho the war, what particular piece of equipment might it be? shoes. in any case

in? >> guest: i joined the army on august 15, 1995. c-span: you tell us in the book a little bit about basic training. >> guest: that's right. [laughter] c-span: what was it like? >> guest: no big fun. [laughter] it was difficult in terms of discipline because you have to wake up 5:00 in the morning and be downstairs, three floors. no living room. showered, dressed and prepared for the day in seven minutes. c-span: and you say throughout the book from time to time that you've always been known as yitzhak rabin's granddaughter. >> guest: in a way. c-span: how does that work in the service? do people all say, oh, there she is over there? >> guest: no, no. the thing is i wasn't so recognized in the street. where i come from, my environment, my friends, my school, people knew. it wasn't like i was walking down the street and people said, this is the granddaughter. it's not like chelsea clinton. nobody knew me. but in the service there was one girl to find out because i looked familiar, and then she asked, and then she find out who i was, an

army. he participated in archaeological digs at several sites. he wrote sea of mud, the retreat of the mexican army after san jocinto. and second edition came out in paperback in 2006. he recently edited a book that was written by a mexican general, in 183. a forgotten 1838 publication by an eyewitness to the texas revolution. in january of 2011, dr. dimmick was inducted, in the sons of the republic of texas. several members i have seen here. dr. dimmick appeared on history channel, discovery channel, involving his work of the mexican army and spoken at several conferences about texas history at the san jocinto conference, at the alamo, and texas philosophical society. gregg is on board of directors of the san jocinto battle field and chair of the archaeological committee. his presentation this morning is the sea of mud, history and archaeology of the mexican army of san jocinto. please welcome, gregg dimmick. >> thank you. i think i will be able to give you the idea what kind of a passion i have for this subject. and i don't want to just limit my

and no one in our army is fit to compete with him. now, whether that was true or not, whether the lieutenant from new york had appraised jackson's merits properly, is a pretty subjective thing to judge. but that he thought that and that his comrades thought that was incredibly useful in the form of a self-fulfilling prophecy. they were expecting to be beaten by this fellow the next time. in june down here near richmond when they came down here, of course, a federal who was captured asked who someone riding by was. they said that's stonewall jackson. he said is that devil here? betraying the attitude. an indiana soldier, a hoosier, referred to stonewall jackson as this prince of bushwhackers, kind of enviously, and says, he's outgeneraled all of our commanders. a new yorker writing in the popular press in the north in june said, oh, that the union could find a general as dashing and plucky as this stonewall jackson. one of the favorite court-martials i have ever seen, among the 88,000 court-martials from the war years was a quarter mas

in the navy. they had to compete with the army. by the end they get people to serve in the army. the administration in the war department was offering a bounty that were $124 in cash and 320 acres of land. based on what an unskilled laborer made in those days, i would say that's probably the equivalent of about $30,000. they asked people what their trade and occupation was and about 5% were sea men. they weren't where the money was. so the u.s. navy was competing not only with private ears and the u.s. army. certainly didn't have an opportunity to pick the best sea men. they had a fair number serving in the navy, but after the chesapeake affair in 1807, the navy department ordered that no more british subjects be employed. most of them once war was declared left the navy anyway. they knew if they were captured they would likely be hanged. teddy roosevelt who is a great historian reckoned that no war ship had as many as 10% of the crew as british tars. he is probably right about that. the last part of this myth is the american myth. because we won a series on the high teas, we won

to be the stronger side in where it counted to destroy an enemy army. so, in the wake of the seven pines, lee comes to command. now, realize robert e. lee in the mexican war where he is the finest soldier scott ever saw on the field really didn't have a command. he was on scott's staff. lee has never commanded anything more than two companies of marines at harper's ferry on act 16th, 1859, when they stormed the fire engine house and captured five rebels commanded by john brown. harper's ferry, 1859. now, maybe commanding two companies of marines is all you need. the marines contend that way anyway. but here is lee confronting 105,000 yankees who are in the suburbs of richmond. and what did he do? he set his men to work digging trenches, field fortifications. and so this man who had been called granny lee, the overcautious, is now known as the king of spades because all he wants to do is have these trained killers, these warriors, dig ditches with shovels with picks and things and that's not much fun. but that's what soldiers do! and lee points that out.

they write the governor and they say put him in the army. they say by the end of the war, put him in the service. i didn't write that much about elite women in my book at all. it raises a question. to what extent did the men in the field grasp or were they in communication with what was going on at home? >> sometimes the protests of the women followed the collectives of the company community. they would see huge petitions e being written to the governor. and that is how it would be organized. >> women on the home front often no more about exception for example, than men who are in the army. and what is the government responsible for. women would say, would you let my son out of the army? he would say you have written the wrong official. in some cases men are coaching them on what to say to get out of service. so you see a rash of letters and the women of the community would get a petition and have all kinds of signatures of the women of the community to show that we can't do without this man at home. the petitions sometimes had columns and wo

i started unregulated and timely in the army, i did get something of an education. i'm going to be talking to you on the subject of myth of gettysburg, and it's the myths arise or that are addressed in the novel of "cain of gettysburg," but this is the [background background for this. i like that this is the most accurate civil war novel ever written whether or not it's the best or one of the best is up for you to decide, but i really wanted to do something that captured the feel of the times, and so before launching into the fiction history, the myth of gettysburg that mushroomed up over the decades and centuries, i'd like to speak briefly about historical fiction, the role of writing it. i often heard civil war buffs or other people, oh, i don't read historical fiction, or i don't read fiction. well, if you don't read fiction in general, you're missing the world's great literature, of course, but historical fishings and straightforward history or his historical writings are not enemies. they complement each other. history, well-written history, on the first day whe

the union general in charge of a the army that marched in, a man named godfrey whitesell, he andn his staff took up position on e the capital and looked down on o crater of firekind of a people pointient moment because his don wife died of burns ju s just mo before and wonder fundament eera were being burned down below as he looked at the fires. weren't of the confederate women who observed the fire said that the sunou, which was well up ine the sky now, a couple hours after dawn as the fire really intensified, she said the sun shown through smoke like a great beacon of woe, or the awful unlashed eye of an avengen deity.y.she the confederate arsenal began ti burn, ghtoo.a artillery shells began to explode making it difficult for people to fight thei fire. one confederate direst observedc noted, that, interesting, all the banks burned and all moneychang moneychangers. actual think was, began from the highest levels of the confederate high command, because they had their orders wh not to leave anything of f military value, and the order came down the chain of command to the men who lit

trans mississippi, troops coming up from new orleans and so they've never been organized together in an army formation and now they're going into their first battle and in doing so they find themselves based upon the attack plan designed by beauregard engaged in the same point of ground, the commands completely co-mingled, under the federal guns being shot to pieces and they're losing command and control. it was nightmarish for them here. they had to be literally nightmarish. on top of it, they're attacking through this swamp, and that's what clayburn called it. he called it a morrase. golly, you hear that story, you have these three brigades here, you have a fifth slightly over to the right. we know that pond's brigade is over further to the west. 's been brought to a halt because he's not challenging the far right of sherman's division. and here's five brigades now kind of stacked up and at the same time a sixth comes into play in support. it's part of the reserve from breckinridge. there's six federal confederate brigades locked up in combat with sherman's division supported just by briga

by the end of the war, in order to get people to serve in the u.s. army, the administration, the war department was offering bounties that were $124 in cash, and 320 acres of land. now, based on what an unskilled laborer made in those days, i would say that's probably the equivalent of about $30,000 today. there were a lot of seamen who could not resist the lure of that bounty. and figures show that about 5% of the u.s. army serving in this war was seamen. they asked people what their trade was, what their occupation was, and about 5% were seamen. they went where the money was. so the u.s. navy was competing not only with privateers, but also with the u.s. army. and certainly didn't have an opportunity to pick the best seamen. the british also argued that most of our crews were british subjects. that was simply not true. there had at one time been a fair number of british serving chesapeake affair in 1807, the navy department ordered that no more british subjects be employed. and most of them, once war was declared, left the u.s. navy anyway, because they