indians. it's based on the premise that most american people think they have nothing to do with american indians and that american indians have nothing to do with them. we usually exact opposite is true. americans and american indians share a deeply in tangled history. shaped united states of america, and had a profound and lasting impact on american national consciousness and popular culture. in the central gallery, which we call indians this largeyou gallery is covered floor to ceiling with images. pervasive inis americans lives. most american people are conscious that anywhere you look imagery ofnd american indians. we are offering that this imagery exists as evidence of the deeply entangled history that americans and american indians share. in exploring the history that lies behind this imagery, we explored three events, the story of pocahontas, the trail of tears, and the battle of little bighorn. today we are going to explore the battle of the little bighorn. c-18 sunday six battle was f

all of this to say they will be exploring how the indian warrior -- how the image of the plains indian warrior was used to justify manifest destiny. our gallery, which explores the battle of the little bighorn, is divided into two halves. we look at concepts of warfare and what the battle little bighorn was about from their perspective. on the other side of the gallery, we look at how it is the americans responded to the battle and how out of this battle emerged the image of the indian warrior. there were three immediate factors. one of them was the fact that at this time the u.s. army is rounding up indians and confining them to reservations. famously, sitting bull and his followers are not agreeing to live on reservations. the other thing that's happening is the black hills are being flooded by prospectors and minors. there is news that there is gold in the black hills. aesident grant sense in military expedition led by general custer. it is known as the black hills expedition. he sends this military expedition into the black hills to confirm whether or not there is gold there. the i

and subjugating american indians. while the wild west shows are still ongoing, the image of the plains indian warrior moves into the 20th century with the latest technological advancement in the form of mass entertainment, and that his motion pictures. -- that is motion pictures. the battle of the little bighorn is portrayed in silent films and talkies all throughout the heyday of hollywood in the 1940's and 1930's, the technicolor of the 1950's and well into the celt -- the counterculture films. with the silent films in 1925, there was a film that is considered one of the great epics of the silent era, and in ins movie, it is made clear the written dialogue that plains indian warriors and lakotas in particular were impeding the, quote, advancement of white men and with -- the western frontier. so this storyline of american indians standing in the way of progress continues to be told throughout, as i say, the golden age of hollywood, the films of the 1950's, and even in the counterculture films. the counterculture fil

so in 1879, carlyle indian school, their theme was to kill the indian, save the man. it was also to be known as the great experiment. in 1924, indian citizenship act. if you can imagine, we as native people were the last people to become citizens -- to have citizenship on our own land. and not all states -- even though that went into effect, not all states honored that until 1957. in 1950, termination, debates continued to threaten indian run schools. they lived by the model of get out the indian business. most impacted states were california, texas, florida, new york. in 1968, indian civil rights act started, and that's well known here in the bay area, the population of alcatraz. in 1972, the american indian education act took place, which was a landmark where it established a unique educational and culturally related academic needs of american indian alaskan students. this is where the 506 form comes in, and it's the bread and butter for our indian program. we get federally funded for all completed and verified forms. in 2018, more recently, the early days statue wa

indian children -- ked indian children. as was shown in freedoms legal regime for indian indenture will not survive republican majorities in california. they will dismantle it during the war and after the four. 1863, they repealed the provision. 1865, the california supreme court rules it is cruel and unusual the flogging of indians. the california supreme court's adjust the 1866 civil rights act applies to indians, that indians can claim "absolute right to persons" to hold property, which the previous law explicitly denied them, so something had shifted in the legal regime around india labor. also, there is a reconstruction of the states reservation system. system starts on an ad hoc basis in the 1850's in the hands of democratic patronage appointees. the government spent a lot on it. it will spend a lot less after the civil war combat it expands the number of sites that the government will pay attention to. the reservation system will you will see local challenges to federal authority over indians. challengeses, direct .

in riverside county, most indian people, not all, are very fortunate to have indian gaming.n the past, indian people had tried to sell, say, tobacco through smoke shops. they had primarily worked w. when the traditional economies fell apart because of white settlement, they could no longer go and hunt as they did before, and so they went to work. they worked on ranges and farms, they worked at cleaning houses, worked at gas stations just like everyone else working. on reservations, there were attempts to create some economy for them, but it was never really working until the 1970's and 1980's when gaining came -- gaming came in. that is not to say all indian people of riverside county have gaming and money as a result of that, but many do. industry for riverside county, hiring numerous people on reservations today. of the positive things that have come from the tribes themselves is a great deal of sovereignty and self-determination among our tribes in southern california. they have invested in language preservation, in teaching their youth, in encouraging them to succeed in

country which is funded mostly through the indian health service in this bill. funding for the indian health service in this bill is $135 million below last year's house-passed level. for an indian health system that is also rationing the kind of health care most of us take or granted, every dollar makes a difference in the quality of life of one of our fellow americans. whose ancestors paid in advance with their lives, land to guarantee that the federal government would care for the health of their desendants. properly funding this obligation is not optional. the house heard from nearly 80 tribal leaders and hearings last year about the importance of funding these programs. let's not turn our backs on them now acceding to the senate position. madam speaker, for these reasons and others i am strongly opposed to this bill, h.r. 266, and i urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to stand up to their constituents' priorities, stand for their constituents' priorities and oppose the bill as well. with that i reserve the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempo

and natives through the indian health service in the bureau of indian affairs. this bill keeps our air and water clean w through the work of the epa. this p bill protects and preserves national parks and treasured public lands and helps to support small businesses that depend on them. the agencies and the spill fund science and wildlife protection energy development and arts and cultural programs of every state with tens of thousands of americans there is no reason why they should be shuttered. they are simply too important. the shutdown is devastating for indian country every day the president continues to treat tribal programs like hostages for political gain by his action he endangers families across indian country. multiple health clinics serving urban indians have closed their doors turning hundreds of patients away food distribution and social service programs are on the chopping block and law enforcement services are stretched to the breaking point. all with a devastating effect. indian country is paying the price for every day though reckless shutdown co

indian country. and their idea was that they maintain stable relations with indian groups living in the ohio country, they with to open up trade native americans, so that they could acquire the raw materials, to great them back britain where they could be refined and reexported back to colonies and europe. and so this was their vision of the west. now, there is a second piece to their policy and that had to do with the debt. until the seven years' war, indian diplomacy had depended on treaty making, and the fundamental -- one of the undamental elements of treaty making was gift-giving. and the idea behind the gifts was displays of that these gifts represented the relationship between the two parties. was that if great britain provided guns and ammunition to native american roups, it showed that they trusted them as friends, and in exchange for that native merican communities were provided first and other goods that the british wanted and this of olized the open road trade and alliance. french-canadia

through the indian health service and the bureau of indian affairs. this bill keeps our air and water clean through the work of the environmental protection agency. this bill protects and preserves national parks and other treasured public land, it helps support small businesses that depend on them. the agencies in this bill fund science, wildlife protection, energy development, an arts and cultural programs in every state. and they employed tens of thousands of americans. there is no reason why they should be shuttered. they t are simply too important. this shutdown is particularly devastating for indian country. every day the president continues to treat travel programs like hostages for political gain, by his actually endangers families across indian country. multiple health clinics that serve urban indians have closed their doors, forced to turn hundreds of patients away. tribal court programs are in jeopardy. food distribution and social service programs are on the chopping block. law enforcement services are stretched to the breaking point. thou

cisions about indian removal. you have to know that history to understand the beginning of the battle between state and federal power. and indians' place in that battle. so, got to pay attention to us. >> narrative of america really does begin with the indigenous people. >> yeah. the first act. the first act of, you know, of the colonists to protest the british was not just to dump tea in boston harbor. they dressed up as mohawk indians in face paint and buckskin and then dumped the tea in boston harbor. >> david, thank you so much. >> thank you so much. >> appreciate it. >> and that is a great image. the story there of an important thread that runs through the rich tapestry of the american experience. >>> before we go, the united states has just requested a meeting of the u.n. security council to discuss the crisis in venezuela. and join me again tomorrow for my interview with the iranian-american journalist, jason, his story of life in a tehran prison and as he says, being a bargaining chip in a geopolitical gam

many here consider indian troops terrorists in uniform. bikies me yesterday was a day of remembrance for our martyrs in mine but we couldn't have a ceremony because the authorities imposed a curfew. i'm really angry right now. merapi walker thought if i didn't have two young daughters i'd go out and fight. it maybe i will when they're older american the boss would it would monarchy already all over. indian troops have been deployed throughout so in a car and there are more than five hundred thousand in the entire state that's an unusually high concentration for such a small area. we are here during the muslim holy month of ramadan this should be a time of peace and reflection but instead there are violent clashes between local residents and the security forces. in the evening men gather at a mosque to mark the end of the day's fasting. the mood is tense. i'm sick of the provoke and get this is that what i did during ramadan the indian army is showing some restraint and that's good but overall the situation is a disaster and the troops have

but pocahontas is one of the best known early american indian peoples, indian person, around the world, not just in the usa. that's got something to do with disney, but also, of course, of the films and lots of writings. so we've got these founding myths. if you like for new england and for virginia. but 1619 does not feature that. we know, that predates the plymouth colony by at least 13 years. it was set up as a company of merchants. it is a company colony. it is a for profit business, a private colony, sanctioned by james the first. they had to have the approval of james the first. this is a corporate enterprise. corporations, then as now, had their own laws, their own councils, and their own form of meetings that took place to elected officials. the virginia company of london was set up in 1606, and the colony was established the following year. it was established in a place -- this is a detail you'll recognize from the john smith map of 1612 originally. it was established in a place called tsehacommacah. that is the word for the territories they controlled south of the james river

yes, and he promised those indians who fought with him at the various battles and against other indian tribes and the british at the battle of new orleans, he promised that they would be part of our country. davey crockett was there. and later when davey crockett came here to this congress and andrew jackson betrayed those men and women, those americans who happened to be american indians and betrayed them, crockett would have nothing to do with it. crockett stood firm. and it was memorialized in the walt disney series, but that did not capture the essence of what happened at that time. crockett elected by the people of his state to come here and support president jackson. he stood against that president and he stood for integrity and honor and courage and truthfulness. and he got up before the congress and opposed the indian exclusion act that was supported by andrew jackson. for that, one would think that a tremendous show of courage, people would say, look, he is standing up against a powerful man even in his own district, and yes, they were powerful interest groups that wanted to s

when you look at indian food it is all about curry houses to get i said i am indian and i have more prideother because i was born in it and than any other because i was born in itandi than any other because i was born in it and i can present indian food thatis it and i can present indian food that is beyond the boundary of the curry. even before you eat the dish there are many other sensors that come in. this smell, the visual. we make people eat with their hands because i took pride in being india. feel it. feel the temperature, the sensuality. if it is fragile, strong, hot, cold, they can only be felt when you touch it. one small mistake cost the whole restaurant. every day 90% of people come here to judge us. this is the most difficult year and judge us. this is the most difficult yearandi judge us. this is the most difficult yearand i am judge us. this is the most difficult year and i am working hard. judge us. this is the most difficult yearand i am working hard. i have achieved all i can with one restau ra nt. achieved all i can with one restaurant. my challenge is to beat myself. i

you need to adopt my indian style of warfare. washington dismisses him completely, and smith is then kind of frustrated and returns to pittsburgh where he leads military offenses out in pittsburgh. so he continues to fight. and he continues, after the revolution, he moves to kentucky where he serves in the first legislature of kentucky. and what i want to point out, this is what i argue is the realization of the frontier revolution. if the british empire was trying to restrain settlement, kentucky is the realization of what the frontier people had been advocating. this is turning indian land into american land, and smith is, of course, part of that. so i want to end now with three final thoughts on the frontier revolution. the first is something that i get asked a lot when i give this talk, which is, why don't we know about the black boys? and i think there are a number of different reasons for that. the first reason has to do with the sources. the sources for the black boys reside almost entirely in archives and are in manuscrip

a sound is in india therefore a summons are for indians and not for illegal immigrants so it's that point so i dash i'd like you to address the people in assam who say this is not fair for the citizens the current citizens who are there now. the people of the misinformed or we should learn from our history what happened one hundred emails back and what happened in nine hundred forty seven islamic state of pakistan well built on the line stop religion only so that when we kids are not prosecuted they are so in the minority in the christians are. they are they were persecuted they were treated and they came they come every year more than five thousand in those are minorities they come through in the illegal migrants so we need to give a legal status to them those who come as a legal magnet for economic benefit we have to deal with them and we will deal with them properly. now was saying so if we are not learning from our history you know what happened with. us and if you want to convert. what happened restricted because . you really are. a foreign car from or maybe our regard for mcco

scholars refer to the indian wars. we forget about the distinctiveness and terrific power of indigenous communities whether kyla, comanche, kickapoo, or santee. we lose the importance of leaders like crazy horse and sitting bull. we forget the actual and proper names of what we mistakenly call -- lakota or sue nations sioux nations. these men helped shape the northern plains and the united the 1860's, 1870's, and on. we speak of war chiefs and peace we rely on ways of talking that do not reflect the difficult decisions made a native communities every day, still being made by indigenous communities as we speak. we also make other mistakes when we talk of indian wars. monolith of the united states army. we promote the fallacy of military economy that is, we assumed that the army -- military autonomy. , we assume the army makes policy. soldiers carry out policy. we do not make it. army officers and soldiers fought and killed indians, often in terrible ways, but they also did other things. they provided rations to indian f

in 2018, the first three american indian congress woman was elected. did he observe haaland from new mexico, sharice davids from kansas, and kristi noem from south dakota. next slide. we increased the involvement with three native american teachers which represented paul revere school, k-8, and balboa high school. the indian education program, students and parents work with google to create an indigenous mapping project. the department of c.n.i. and state and federal programs toured the california indian museum and cultural center,

so it started with a frame up, here is what indian countries think defined by indian country.f you think of the long narrative of this country, that is a shift in many, many ways. it is inspiring. that part of the story i think is, this is the way it should've been a long time ago. amy: this is the executive director of it of american life by that offers health services in baltimore and boston, addressing the hearing tuesday. >> the partial government shutdown is having dire consequences for american health care including urban indian people. the federal government has an affirmative obligation to provide health care to our people. this trust responsibility stems from treaties and long-standing u.s. policy and jurisprudence. of ihs is directly at odds with that obligation. the impact of an ihs shutdown is already chronically underfunded facilities are forced to make extremely difficult decisions without any other options. facilities will not be able to provide care to patients. , final commentnt on what you feel people need to understand about how this government shutdown in a

pocahontas is one of the early american indian peoples, indian person, around the world, not just in the usa. that's got something to do with disney, but of course, we know, that predates the limits colony by at least 13 years. it was set up as a company of merchants. it is a company colony. it is a private colony, sanctioned by james the first. they had to have the approval of james the first. this is a corporate enterprise. corporations, then as now, had their own laws, their own councils, and their own form of meetings that took place to elected officials. the virginia company of london , and thep in 1606 colony was established the following year. in a place --shed this is a detail you'll recognize from the john smith map of 1612 originally. it was established in a place tsehacommacah. it was a long way, perhaps even as far south as parts of north carolina today. we have to recognize that this early colony for profit is in a place that is a very powerful indian nation. a collection of maybe 30 or so peoples who dominated this region. the english is why decided to settle, because t

indian media. and the wood that episodes. yes in mali copes the case with at least serve to draw the world's attention to the kashmir conflict. and. nobody would. go to this wall. but the people. because they don't want this is them on the journey when you need to do it and when people do. all those. we hope. from the german people because they believe in democracy they believe in justice which many people are fighting what the just. we're on our way now to visit the local office of the governing hindu nationalist b j p party. it's hardly surprising that security here is tight. a party spokesman blames the current tensions on neighboring pakistan. the kick. that what it's got out ok if they brought militants into kashmir to stir up trouble . if they're trying to win from young people. most kashmiris reject violence. and they also realise how much the new government is doing on their be hard to get going of monaco what i did just look at all the new roads that we've built. here but things have definitely improved across the re

the national council of urban indian health found that 62% of their urban indian health centers will need to cancel programs or cease offering services if the shut down continues. that process has already begun. today i launched an online tool for americans to share their stories of how the trump shut down impacts their lives. i ask them to share their experiences being furloughed, forced to work without pay, and turned away from visiting public lands and denied essential services. trump and his supporters need to listen to these stories. i encourage everyone to speak out on social media with the hash tag, my shut down story. we're hearing from my families -- the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman's time has expired. mr. grijalva: with that i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman yields. the gentlewoman from minnesota reserves. the gentleman from california is recognized. mr. calvert: mr. speaker, has the right to close. i am a' the final speaker. the speaker pro tempore: that's correct, sir. mr. calvert: does the gentlelady from any additional peakers? the gentlewoman f

military leaders who massacred indians. and monuments to pioneers, missionaries, and early settlers who colonized the west. they also explore similarities and differences between the south and west. this talk is part of the western history association annual meeting. it's about 90 minutes. >> i am the author of a book called "the legacy of conquest." the working title is "the burden of western history." it tells you something about the relationship that i found myself in, the southern history. i hope that would see more of it. i was frequently saying i was hoping to do something comparable to what mr. woodward had done. obviously at a much lower ambition than that. i dreamed of a real engagement between southern and western history at that time. it irritated me that children played cowboys and indians in a lighthearted manner, in a way thank heavens they do not play masters and slaves. the seriousness of western history would be seen in a compared perspective with southern history really mattered to me. i think regional com

he painted scalps on american indians but none on american indians and colonial soldiers. scalping was committed by europeans long before they landed in the land. indians are sampled or symbolized a savages well washington attempts to annihilate indigenous -- indigenous people is denied and forgotten. a depicts american -- native americans as slaves and killers to attack while whites stand with arms up in surrender. it omits our true historic identity. can you put your minds together with me on this? it all needs to be replaced. accept may be the rainbow and sunshine above one doorway. thank you. [applause] >> hello. i am a parent of a 2-year-old who is taking a nap right now. i just want to say and urge, when i came here, the teenager to the school building character used to be childcare in the back room. let's bring the child care back for all the parents who are coming. i know the september chair is interested in working with you all. let's give them free childcare. i would like to say that land acknowledgement needs to happen. every time he started to meeting , there s

so although the money that the indians made went into the federal treasury for the menominee and indians, but you couldn't get the money unless congress agreed to do it, so took an act of congress. in 1934, the bureau was mismanaging our forest and so the menominee sued them in the court of claims and actually one a judgment of $8 million. and we got the money and that went into the treasury in 1951. well, by then, they were still in their movement of getting rid of the indians and come then the termination. we had a senator by the name of arthur watkins at the head of the interior and insular affairs. and the menominees had to request the money. they went to ask for a per capita payment of $1500. there were thousand 270 members on our tribal role, and i only remember that because that's what prompted our determination to occur and are roles to be closed. and so, we had to agree to it. senator watkins came out of the reservation to convince us that they wanted to liberate us and they wanted then to be able to, we were being treated like babies. he had all kinds of things, but our people

citizenship and after that they will be able to live in any state of the country like any other indian citizen their responsibility is on the entire country and not just one state if you are not you can do they see big. problems for everybody. because at that really we wanted to go ahead with the bill. it's a divisive bill one politician says what our community talking about almost exact same words are being used this is a tweet from ten moira he would says this is citizenship amendment bill is a direct attack on the concept of equality that's in chimed in the constitution and an attempt to intensify communal antagonisms between the bengali hindus and muslims rather break this down for us in terms of being an attack on the constitutional principles. well malik i think you are missing the to decide absolutely guide because just months before the general elections the government is trying to do so for the rise issues and mobilize the majority voice because this is an attack on the indian constitution and the principle of because indian constitution does not allow for discrimination in ci

not acceptable, so they substituted indian fighter, for the plains indian that was supposed to be wandering off into defeat. , please. -- next one, please. in portland, oregon, we have sacagawea represented in the lewis and clark exhibition. we have put up i with elite whie suffragist as a project, and the plaque says it is in honor of the female guide of the lewis and clark expedition and the pioneer mother of oregon. this is the first of many pioneer mother statues. these feminists are arguing that sacagawea paved the way for white civilization. so these early statutes from the mid-1880's up until about the start of world war i around 1915 are looking for ways to demonstrates white civilization. right? and seeing it as a progression from savagery to civilization. around the time of world war i is toward -- away from showing pioneer men to showing pioneer women as an embodiment of white civilization. pioneer mothers always carrying civilization westward, but not quite ever arriving. thethey come to embody blessings of white civilization s arriving in the west. and thus become part of the s

for another indian national. president. and c.e.o. . of most i did. this necessary if necessary however i'm not somebody. i never said the. unity of the squad and the national being as is is second to none it's unbelievable and i believe this is our biggest strength you know when you go out. and you hear like what about a brother who rend you go a bit if you do feel like we all brothers are playing and. that's why when people come watch as they do you know when you play if you all speak the language of football together and you all die for each other on the field then it's pretty lucky to be part of the squad. even blame the sport for poaching future footballers. blame cricket. when i was a. much. different sides of it we should be but. when the intro i'm very very proud of the population of this country. and we can only be good at cricket that's the. big as a nation and the only. publishing we have should be good. to. see play. is believing. that young. must think seeing him play on t.v. . and that the young so that's where the television. if you don

strong white men towering over their indian guides, as in this one in iowa. francisco's monument from the 1890's which has minerva, the goddess of war atop a pillar honoring many men who achieved to the conquest of california leading from indian fantasy through spanish past mexican romance to white ,nglo civilization, including as we saw already this session, what was protested, right, in the 1990's and was removed last to anfrom its pedestal undisclosed location. there were native activist who were there and the crews removed it. the current plan, last i heard, is to leave the head is still empty, and i look forward to the debate about what the text should say explaining why it is empty. as denver was going up, they were also putting up a pioneer monument. was theinal plan horseback at the top, but the people of denver freaked out because you cannot have progress from savagery to civilization that goes top to bottom. they read it from bottom to top and read this warrior as the conqueror of the whites and that was not acceptable, so they substituted kit carso

for another indian national. president pulled out of his cereal. bar of must i do. this let's face it let's pray never wrong about somebody. i never said the. unity of the squad in the national team as if it's second to none it's unbelievable and i believe this is our biggest strength you know when the dog. is made often you hear about a brother with red bugle i do feel like we all brothers are playing and. that's why when people come watch as they do you know when you play if you all speak the football language or football together and you all die for each other on the field then it's very likely to be part of the. blame for poaching future footballers. blame cricket. when i was a. different . should be but. when the entropy of. the population of this country. and we can only be good at cricket the. big as a nation and. the publishing we have should be good. t.v. . is believe me. young indian footballers must think seeing him play on t.v. . and. so that's why the television. if you don't make. believe in your lifetime you see india. compete in a world cup. it's bee

remember, without land there is no indian. we finally, , after the collocad trust system was picked up and realized, what we think it is decided, and we had, again, that's where ted kennedy comes in. there was a fund, the american, native american rights fund which was illegal from that was established by the ford foundation to help indian people, we needed someone from congress to request the assistance. senator kennedy did that, so he helped as a draft an act that would be what we wanted. we didn't want to go back to metabolism that governor had given us but we want an act that would restore us to allow us to be our own sovereign body and care for herself with the protection that are land would be safe for ever and a place to live. so there's that connection with the kennedys that, again, our tribe likes. but -- >> i was wondering when you would get to that. [laughing] >> well, it's there. we had also the unit care with a lawyer that stepped up, wisconsin had established an organization that would provide legal expenses the

for another indian national role slate. i don't know. the president of. syria. or of myself out of all that know. this let's face it necessary however i'm not somebody i've got a i never said the. unity of the squad and the national being as it is second to none it's unbelievable and i believe this is our biggest strength and when the dog. is made often you hear like one band of brothers of warriors will you go on t.v. do feel like be all brothers up mangan. that's why when people. realize that you know when you play if you all speak the language of football together and you all die for each other on the field then it's pretty lucky to be part of the squad. even blame the sport for poaching future footballers. playing cricket. when i was a. different sides of. the population of this country. and we can only be. big as a nation and. the publishing we have should be good. to. see playing. is believing. that you. must think. so that's why the television. if you don't make. believe in your lifetime you see india. compete in a world cup. it's and then i'm of the hund