so influenza's always a concern. when it makes a big leap, you know -- of course, each year it makes incremental differences, and that's why we have to have an annual flu vaccine because we're trying to catch up to it. and trying to match up with what might be the influenza. so -- but occasionally it takes a big leap. with sars, we were able to get it under better control. it wasn't as transmissible as -- as influenza, so it was very much limited in outbreaks. we did good contact tracing, we were able to keep it under control, and hundreds of people died, not tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands. >> let's let our viewers take part in this conversation. we're going to open up regional lines for this talk about covid-19 and previous outbreaks. that means that if you are in the eastern or central time zones, your telephone number's going to be 202-748-8000. if you are in the mountain and pacific time zones, your telephone number is going to be 202-748-8001. we're going to open up a special line for other medical p

just like influenza, these things spread. we call it zoonosis, which means the virus has come from animals to humans. the more contact we have with animals, the more we will be infected. it has nothing to do with the issues that you just raised. host: dr. bollinger will be with us for the next half hour. (202) 748-8000 for the eastern and central time zones. (202) 748-8001 for the mountain and pacific time zones. (202) 748-8002 four medical professionals. we have talked about the world health organization. the issue came up from the who regarding a sum the medication is. tomatic cases.symp it was a top official clarifying that scientists have not determined how people with asymptomatic cases spread the virus. talk about the science behind where we are with asymptomatic cases. guest: we are learning something new about this virus every day. looking at some of the outbreaks that have occurred around the world, particularly in some nursing facilities and other office facilities and other high transmission events, it appears that

how likely is the transmission of influenza on airline flights. to find out how dangerous flying could be potentially in the in the covert 19 era it's a good idea to look back at research in planes that we've done in the past on the spread of viruses like influenza now the w.h.o. says transmission of infectious pathogens happens mostly between people seated in the same area on the plane so the risk is highest within those few rows but but it concludes that the risk is otherwise no higher than it is on a train or a bus or or in a theatre but i tracked down a medicine from 2016 and one of the interesting things it had to say was that research on the topic really doesn't always agree and that our data is not really that robust so to be truthful it looks like we still don't know really. exactly how likely pathogen transmission is on a plane just that it grows more likely the closer you get to the infected person. what lessons are being learned to prevent the next pandemic how are they being compiled and disseminate and. i think there are many lessons

casedeal in the influenza is to have universal influenza is effective against all strains.rus, it is mutating, but it is mutating extremely slowly. we don't think we will have the same kinds of issues that we have with flu. taylor: i am trying to find the positive silver linings in all this. i'm curious, we still get a theine, new stove at infection but it prevents me from getting the full symptoms. does this help with herd immunity because we have the antibodies in our system. that be seen as a positive here? wayne: i think, if we get a vaccine, it is going to be extremely positive. it is too early to say if the vaccine is going to be effective in terms of a complete and utter block of the infection, or it is going to allow a little bit of the infection and one is not going to have the disease. either way, it is going to be a tremendous benefit. the the key frankly to ending of the pandemic. you're right to remind us that vaccines are often not made in nearly the short timeframe. also, it is very rare that a vaccine is 100% effective. are there any iterations that your mos

you can pretty will distinguish covid-19 here because very little influenza and seasonal allergies are totally different. there is not much competition for those symptoms. >> laura: talked her, there was a brazilian started that got very little play that i know you cited in your article that led you, i believe, to think that hydroxychloroquine should be widely available in an outpatient setting. what about that study? >> that study was a controlled study, not a randomized study, but it was done in a clinic and an hmo that a private clinic that is independent of government pressure. it is highly regarded in brazil by other clinicians in the country. in that study showed a in a fit of taking hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin. like many studies, people who take the medications or are given the medications tend to be sicker than the ones who aren't. because after all, clinicians think they need more medications to try to help them. so when in spite of having more serious symptoms of the covid-19 and more chronic conditions, they did better in avoiding hospitalization by taking the medic

even influenza they emerge here in the united states we have swine flu h one n one that actually did go pandemic in 2009 that emerged from outside mexico city we have ebola emerged out of west africa primarily out of and out of the neoliberal interventions that are all over the forestation and the spillover of. the strains so certainly the china and. china does bear some responsibility but this is a global problem is see if i put on a have a c.e.o. of a big agribusiness company ok i might blame the mining companies for deforestation which as you show in the book is so intimately related with the spread of epidemics but i'd say. a big flume is that this corona virus is supposed to come from a small from maybe a wildlife market is completely different to agribusiness. well i would say mining does have something to do with this. as well as logging in. and in addition to your business but as far as coronavirus goes it's a little bit more complex but as. a culture large agriculture intensive operations push their way deeper into the for its. forces smallholders to relocate and that also p

has that been used for other viruses or influenza, that is it. thank you. guest: thank you for the questions. let us take the first question. is a huge city. outside of that city there has been, for a long time, a research laboratory that has done work on coronavirus as going back to the original sars epidemic in 2000 and early 2000's. there is a lot of research going on there, and the u.s. had scientists working with them. there was and is a lot of research on coronavirus is going on for a long time. or there were suspicions thoughts that, perhaps, a virus escape from the laboratory and went into the community, and that is how the epidemic started. into thet looked records of the wuhan laboratory, but what i do know that looking at the genetic structure that i mentioned earlier that is being used for vaccine development, but it is clear looking at that virus and genetic structure that it was a natural evolution of another highly related bat coronavirus that just happened to mutate in a way that became infectious for humans where it was not before. maybe, o

>> as we get to the fall, we'll have influenza and covid at the same time. cdc is developing that test for the public health system but in parallel the private sector now has advanced development. maybe dr. hahn wants to comment on similar tests in the private sector. so to facilitate timely diagnosis of these two co-circulating pathogens. >> dr. hahn? >> yes, sir, in cooperation with admiral giroir we've been looking at companies to look at that. admiral giroir has been at the forefront of this. >> i would just agree with my colleagues, we're all concerned about the possibility of co-circulation of influenza a and b as well as covid-19 when it comes to flu season. so we want to do everything we can to simplify the diagnosis. if you have a single test, and we're working with multiple manufacturers. usually the cdc is in the lead. but there are multiple manufacturers both at point of care and laboratory who will have this type of test available. >> excellent. you all have been subject to a lot of criticism, as has the president. often that's leveled after we

we talked about influenza, somebody mentioned in the earlier epidemics of that. it also burned itself out. in terms of being able to be stopped within the community the reason for that is that enough people had exposure to other influenza viruses that allowed the majority of people of their immune systems they knocked down. but the problem here is this is a virus it's never been seen by humans before. it means that everybody is susceptible . the second problem is bigger print is transmitted through the air. some somebody gets infected, and i start breathing even in the virus goes out into the environment. if they are talking, it goes further out into the environment. they are yelling, or singing, and goes even further. and there was a case and a study in washington state, when there was a choir practice. there were about 50 - 60 people and are of for two and half hours singing together. one of the people in the room was infected. fifty-two people got infected from the oh one choir practice. two people died. and so the point is, this is a very contagious virus tha

gratefully the h5n1 avian influenza did not become a pandemic. the lessons learned are still true today. i'll just hoy light four. first the need to clarify roles between state and national government in advance. second, having a vaccine is critical but it's only the beginning. while we have manufacturing capability fill, finish and distribution priorities will inevitably be a problem, and they still need planning. third, providing situational awareness is a critical role of the federal government. principally cdc. the information gathering capability of the federal government needs investment and it needs modernization. lastly i'll echo what my colleagues have said, pandemic preparation requires investment every year. mr. chairman, i look forward to our conversation. >> thank you, governor levitt. and thanks to each of you. we'll now begin a five minute round of questions. i'll ask the senators and witnesses to try to observe the five minute limit. we have a lot of senators who want to talk to these very gish distinguishes witnesses. i'll begin.

cdc'ss, at the time, the influenza system was taking six to eight weeks to recognize an outbreak of influenza were able to detect it in about two days. host: so, what similarity do you see between the sars outbreak and the covid-19 outbreak? are there any similarities, are there any differences? how can we compare the two? guest: they are obviously both coronavirus as. they cause -- coronaviruses. the biggest differences are how widespread this has become. if you don't catch these diseases early on and kind of put them back in the bag, if you will, and they escape out of the thelike the coronavirus, covid-19 has, you are really jumping through hoops trying to play catch-up. that is really difficult. unfortunately, covid-19 appears to be sort of the worst combination of sars and influenza, where it is easily transmitted like influenza, but has the morbidity and mortality of the sars virus. that is a horrible combination, as we have seen, where we have hundreds of thousands of deaths around the world. host: a lot of us follow the john hopkins covid-19 phase where they keep account of the number

>> the way the researchers looked at this is they looked at influenza-like illnesses that were takingh and compared it to all the years in the past just to look to see how many were kind of out of the norm, and they basically saw there was a surge in these influenza-like illnesses that weren't attributed to testing coronavirus because at the time we didn't have enough tests. we already know that we failed when it came to testing and we allowed the outbreak to kind of spread uncontrolled but there's also a possibility that the virus was not as contagious as we thought, and it was more about the fact that it was spreading uncontrollably. so this is a very interesting development. >> our thanks to dr. patel. >>> and it now appears that major league baseball will be playing a 60-game regular season. players and owners unable to agree on how to start so the commissioner is now set to impose a likely 60-game schedule starting in late july. players should begin workouts next week. >>> coming up, a new kind of entertainment at drive-in movie theaters. >>> but first the exciting prehistoric di

since that time, we've had h1n1 influenza. we've had zika. we've had a couple of bouts of ebola, we've had mers. there are lots of infections out there and as we do more with the environment, we encroach on spaces where the bats are, for example. we can predict that we are going to have more infectious diseases. we need to monitor the world better. we need to prepare our public health system better. and we also need to educate the american public about what to do when we have these infectious disease outbreaks. we can't be shocked. we have to be prepared. you know, lots of experts are worrying about an influenza pandemic. we don't know when that might happen, but the reassortment, the je net k changes of the virus are happening all the time and we need to be much better prepared than we are now going forward. >> well, your book -- >> and the new administration is definitely going to have to do that. >> your book couldn't come at a better time. it's called again, which country as the world's best health care. dr. zeke emanuel, thank you very m

which indicates the gort -- the diseasesidity by which like influenza can spread. by the end of june, this disease had practically circled the globe including southeast asia asia, the middle east, europe, australia, and north america. late in june it made its appearance in north america. early july, the disease made its appearance in she lay -- in chile. months, every continent on the globe had been involved in this pandemic. >> you mentioned it had been reported on ships to san francisco. would it not have been comparatively simple to have isolated these known cases and prevented them from coming in at all? simple,tunately, not so for the reason that quarantine against influenza is not effective. had it been possible for all of the cases on board the ships to have been isolated, it would have had little effect on the actual spread of the disease because undoubtedly there were many more people on

for the reason that quarantine against influenza did not -- was not affected. how a been possible for all the cases on ships to be isolated, it would had little effect on the actual spread of the disease because undoubtedly, there were many more people on board the same ships who by reason of a infectiontly acquired would've show no symptoms and therefore, they could not of been readily identified if they were passing through a quarantine station. >> a brief look at one of our many programs available in its entirety on our website, c-span.org/history. american history tv, exploring our nation's past every weekend on c-span3. is a formeroeder c.i.a. officer and author of the foundation of the cia, harry truman, the missouri gang, and the origins of the cold war. he talks about the history of u.s. intelligence gatherings through world war ii and details how and why president truman established the cia in 1947. he tells the story of a missouri gang who were instrumental in the creation of the cia.

redfield, the cdc developed a test to simultaneously detect two strains of influenza and covid-19. they are seeking emergency use authority. how will the test be used? >> it is important as we get to the fall we are going to have influenza and covid-19 at the same time. the cdc is developing that for the public health system, but the private sector is also gotten advanced development. dr. hahn may want to comment. timely diagnosis of these pathogens. >> dr. hanh, would you like to comment? >> yes. we have been working with companies to look at that and the admiral has been at the forefront. >> admiral? >> i would agree with my colleagues. we are all concerned about the covid-19 when it comes to flu season. we want to do everything we can to simplify the diagnosis. usually in the lead but there are multiple factors like laboratories that will have this available. >> you have been subject to criticism that is leveled after we know facts we did not know at the time when things started. it is great if you have hindsight in 2020 vision and say, i should have done that then. i want to lo

simple,tunately, not so for the reason that quarantine against influenza is not effective. had it been possible for all of the cases on board the ships to have been isolated, it would have had little effect on the actual spread of the disease because undoubtedly there were many more people on board these same chips who buy a more recently acquired infection would have shown no symptoms of the disease and therefore they could not have been readily identified if they were passing through the quarantine station. americaweek, reel brings you archival films that provide context for today's public affair issues. ♪ narrator: one year ago, the entire world awaited the fateful outcome as the armies of nazi germany lashed out in the counteroffensive in the ardennes. this was the battle of the bulge. the battle that came so dangerously close to crushing allied hopes for victory. this was the 11th hour counter attack on which germany gambled everything, smashed allied equipment littered the roads. the year 1944 was dying. the year 1945 was beginning an atmosphere of doubt and cruel anx

gratefully the avian influenza did not become a pandemic. the process has taught us a lot and it's still true today. i will highlight for things. first we need to clarify the role between states and national government in advance. second, having the vaccine is critical, but it's only the beginning. why do we have the manufacturing capabilities, still the distribution priority as will inevitably begi a problem. third, providing situational awareness of the critical role. if the investment and modernization. i will echo with my colleague said, pandemic preparation requires an investment every year. i look forward to our conversation. >> thank you, governor into each of you. oi will begin a five-minute roud of questions and ask the senators and witnesses to observe ththe witnesses toobser. they have a lot of senators who want to talk with these very distinguished witnesses. when we are through and going to ask each of the witnesses to answer this question if you were the king or the clean and you could do two or three things to be ready for the

there's influenza illness and that's cough, fever, short n.e.t. of breath and once flu season comes during the fall we'll have to distinguish what's traditional influenza and what's coronavirus. influenza, you know, we ask people to stay home and recover but we don't really require them to go into quarantine and self-isolate. with covid because of the lack of antibodies in the population and the significantly higher risk than flu, we really want people to take that extra step to -- to self-quarantine, and so it's really critical to distinguish and so a dual test can definitely help to do that. >> so, doctor, you heard the president make claims will testing and the white house denied them and the president basically making his arguments standing by them saying the reason we're seeing a rise in cases is because we're testing more. now, the facts are that the positive rate from those tests also rising which means infections are rising. it's not just that you're testing more. can you explain to folks at home why those are the facts of this? >> yes, ab

. >> de no haber un mayor control puede resultar en un empeoramiento durante la temporada de la influenzae vieron la enfermedad las precauciones son lo primordial ya que la recuperaciÓn no fue nada fÁcil. >> mi condiciÓn mÉdica no sabÍa si iba a perjudicar y empeorar mi situaciÓn. >> los lugares que abrirÁn sus puertas implementarÁn medidas estrictas para evitar un contagio, pero tambiÉn se pide la colaboraciÓn de la comunidad en seguir utilizando cubiertas faciales, en los Ángeles luisa castellano como univisiÓn. enrique: comenzaron pruebas en humanos para tratamiento de covid-19, las pruebas tienen un diseÑo que se va adaptando y si salen bien pueden pasar de docenas a pacientes a pruebas a miles. patricia: policÍas de la ciudad de francia pusieron a sus esposas, en medio de una ola de protestas del paÍs los sindicatos de policÍas quieren restablecer esta tÉcnica de arresto. >> declararon hoy que el racismo sistemÁtico existe en su paÍs. las declaraciones durante su rueda de prensa diaria se produce una vez que la policÍa montada negase que la policÍa tenga racismo. enrique: un incendio

last, the cdc has begun to bear for months ahead when the next's season influenza illness will occurultaneously potentially with covid-19. increasing the challenges on hospitals, health care, professionals and the public. this fall before the seasonal circulation of influence increased, i encouraged the american people to be prepared and to embrace flu vaccination with confidence and your communities. this single act will save lives. thank you, and i look forward to your questions. >> thank you very much, mr. chairman, ranking member walden. thank you very much for giving me the opportunity to discuss with you today the role of the national institute of health and research addressing covid-19. the approach to the nih is very similar to what we do with other emerging infections. it's a four-pronged approach, first to study the fundamental knowledge of the virus itself as well as the host response to the virus. the second is to help develop diagnostics and essays. the third is to characterize and test therapeutics and the fourth is to develop safe and effective vaccines. speaking of th

tell me what happened to influenza? 80,000 people died last year from influenza.any people died this year from the suppose it pandemic in covid-19, the false pandemic, and the co--- and the false numbers that were presented, the death rate? lavora: the numbers don't feel false to me. i am to the city of detroit, where so many people that i know end, acquainted with have died of this virus. it doesn't feel false when people you know have passed away. almost 120,000 people have passed away from this virus. to call it false, i don't understand how. it is real. it is out there. people continue to die from it every day and if we are not careful in terms of social distancing on mask wearing, the numbers going to go up rather than down. our goal, our governor in michigan said flatten this curve and make it stop going up. and people will stop dying. is fromur next collar miami, good evening. >> i am happy to talk to you. i have got to say this. 5 have been listening now for on,nutes, waiting to get and fortunately i stuck on the line because i was almost ready to hang up

there are effective against herpes and influenza viruses. so for us that makes the geranium parallel goni i'm one of the most important candidates for closer examination. can also come from on high the sun provides us with vitamin d. which is essential to our immune systems it's mostly absorbed through the skin. but in parts of the world where sunlight is scarce it can be difficult to get enough. at the office that end of the temperature spectrum is cold water. the technique of night things involves letting 17 degree water run across your face repeatedly. the blood vessels 1st contract then expand allowing more blood to flow through them . this improves the blood supply to the nose the throat and the inside of the mouth enabling more defense cells to form there. so whether it's cold water the burning hot sun or blooming plants our immune systems can take strength from the natural world. so nature can boost our immune system just wrong a new system keeps us healthy wallace let's find out more from an expert i'm joined by alexandre michaels he

if that happens it could easily easily bring health systems really to the brink when it comes to influenza one of the one of the most vulnerable populations in the coming fall and winter will unquestionably be those people who have already been ravaged by couvade 19 for their own catching the flu in the months ahead could quickly turn life threatening but one reason why doctors are encouraging as many people as possible to get a flu shot this year most especially those who suffered badly from cove in 19 and might have sustained lung damage from it a flu shot won't provide perfect protection but it's much much better than nothing . tests differentiate between sars cove 2 and the corona viruses that cause colds. this is a little complicated so stick with me when it comes to testing you have to distinguish between sensitivity and specificity now sensitivity describes how likely a test is to to properly detect an infection with the virus so so it affects what are called false negative results specificity on the other hand describes how likely or unlikely a test is to confuse the virus it's sup

and this gives us a chance to predict what kind of influenza strains are coming over to the other countries and this gives us i saw us about half a year's time to manufacture tailor made vaccines this would not be possible without this early warning system so that's an example from your medicine if you will and right. yeah yeah it just it will it seems to be what working perfectly well what needs to be improved in order to get a better idea about the health of animals and humans. well all all well if it is a poor porton to test like oh everything if you want to know it depends on what do we want to look at is there the known viruses for these we can test very in a target of men none of i'm known ones for this is a bit more complicated for this we need to wait for disease to come up if you work so in this report we also heard about the role of biodiversity and how humans interfere with the well it's how big a role does via diversity play for our health. a very big role of course and for myron's it's big complicated because if you have a huge repertoire of different animal species that means

from regular influenza.are seeing 25,000 deaths per month in the united states from coronavirus. it does not appear to be slowing down very much. , 25,000rate continues new people in the u.s. are going to die every month for the next jobmonths unless we do our to protect ourselves and protect each other and follow the physical distancing and handwashing recommendations because we care about ourselves and matt would be my final comment. -- that would be my final comment. host: dr. robert bollinger, thank you for your time today. guest: thank you. a conversation, with arkansas governor asa hutchinson about the reopening of that state and the debate over the removal of confederate symbols. that conversation coming up on "washington journal." ♪ >> binge watch book tv this summer. settleaturday evening, in and watch your favorite nonfiction authors, starting on saturday with doris kearns goodwin, well known for her work on american resident's especially team of rivals. book tv all summer on c-span two. fremont br

polio, developing our influenza surveillance system across the nation. partnershipnue that at the scientific and public health level. rep. soto: thank you, dr. redfield. so, it is going to be very important not to defund the world health organization. for our national interest. with that, i yield back. chair pallone: thank you. last but certainly not least is mr. o'halloran. rep. o'halloran: it always brings a smile to everyone's face. members of the panel, thank you for being here today. i will start out with a forest fire. i have been at three of them this week because my district has eight going on right now. when i get to incident control meetings, the commander of that incident control team is there and then the division managers for that fire are there too or on the phone and being able to address the issues. as all the community organizations, police, fire, emergency response groups, they are all at those meetings. there are multiple meetings during the course of the week with the citizens of those communities at risk. now, i'm in a process where

influenza a, influenza b which was especially bad last season, respiratory is going to be important to distinguish these viruses in the course of the upcoming respiratory season. >> when we look at how the coronavirus testing came out, samples are never perfect. once a sample is taken, how does the test differentiate from what fire is a person actually has >> basically the test is a cartridge based test that uses an amplification method. it will zoom in on genetic material you need to each different virus and callout the presence or absence of each virus in the sample. four results in one cartridge. >> now that were moving into the flu season, it could be a triple threat. what do you think need to be done in terms of having these tests at the availability of these tests and the machines the process them? >> it will be important to have these tests and machines close to patients. decisions have to be made quickly in the hospital. typically these tests are run in the hospital. there are symptoms that could be compatible with these four infections. fever, chills, other symptoms. and then

sobrevivido antes de la pandemia >> (información en pantalla) >> fue cuándo dio positivo más bien, y la influenza e hijo se dieron por vencidos, como un hermoso regalo de vida >> (información en pantalla) >> bien dicen mamá creo que estás embarazada, y encontramos donador >> los médicos le salva la vida >> (información en pantalla) >> experiencia en lo más largo que pudo haber esperado tras este transplante >> (información en pantalla) >> yo me sentía cómo en familia >> (♪ música ) >> (♪ música ) >> no cambie de canal ya volvemos telemundo 38 >> (♪ música ) >> (♪ música ) >> (comerciales) >> (♪ música ) >> (♪ música ) >> (♪ música ) >> estaesta tarde a las 5:00 de la tarde la agencia federal van a dar el vamos a una vacuna del covid 19 entérese de los detalles aparte >> >> (información en pantalla) >> (♪ música ) >> (♪ música ) >> varias decenas de trabajadores del campo proveniente de méxico dan positivo el covid 19 ante esto organizaciones dentro del hecho tiene que los ayuden todo esto y más a las 5:00 de la tarde. >> lo que nos sentimos jóvenes y viejos, no importa la edad sino la actitud, un

que nos preocupa, es que luego en el invierno, en el hemisferio se va combinar este virus con la influenza la primera ola de la pandemia el primer millÓn de pacientes alcanzÓ los 3 meses. en se resurgimiento de contagios en 8 dÍas se registrÓ un millon de nuevos casos. julio >>> gracias paulina es un crecimiento exponencial. el aeropuerto internacional de los Ángeles, anunciÓ una nueva herramienta para evitar la propagaciÓn del covid 19 3 cÁmaras que detectan la cobertura corporal los pasajeros. estas cÁmaras tÉrmicas pueden revisar un nÚmero ilimitado de personas a la vez y evitan demoras. >>> puede ayudar a identificar viajeros >>> para evitar contagios en el aviÓn. por eso se propagÓ mÁs en el mundo por los aviones. >>> es el primer aeropuerto que hace algo asÍ, las autoridades dijeron que a nadie le van a impedir viajar van a recomendar no hacerlo. y si una persona llega con fiem bre lo van a enviar con personal mÉdico para una evaluaciÓn secundaria >>> mientras tanto, en new york, que fue el epicentro de la pandemia dio un paso mÁs a la reapertura de su economÍa. que se abran los rest

learned not to trust signs and in those days there was little scientific news that they knew about influenza and they realize it was highly contagious. but they were only just coming to terms with the idea of the virus . the election microscope was not like invented until 1930 and because of the vaccine, the first new vaccine was developeduntil about 1938 . what we're doing now obviously is research scientists are working night and day to try and evolve the vaccine of the course they may never do so. and it may be that we have to live with this awful virus next rest of our lifetime probably and mask up and down up again. but i think we've learned to adjust our focus because were not involved in a massive global conflict . and i think we've learned a lot about being patient. i'm always amazed by the amount of people that will comply with rules and if there told the supermarket and there, they do so because they realized not just going after themselves but their communities and their loved ones. >> .. >> spanish flu and also is there anything to be revealed from this tendency to associate plac