the consumer agency now has rules for all institutions. whatever rules they write will apply -- i have spoken in favor of two tiered regulatory structure as appropriate and we will have the ability to engage in consumer agencies because that person will be there as well. >> over the last several years there have been increasing consolidation of the banking industry, opening statements talked about the large institutions and smaller banks and smaller institutions and community banks are concerned about being able to staff the regulatory issues and legal issues they see in front of them. how do you see this playing out in consolidation. is it concern for you? it is a concern for mainstream america. >> it is the concern. we have a community banking advisory committee and talked with them a lot about this. dodd-frank did have important reforms for community banks with the positive insurance limit for $50,000 advocated by community banks and help them address funding are having a higher deposit insurance moment. it has been $4 billion in assess

and i think there are ways to create democratic institutions in particular accountable institutions which is an important element of democracy without having a u.n. style one nation one vote that i think you can certainly try that approach but if you look at most of the democracies in the world you look at the u.s. or even the way the european union is set up they'll operate on ways to have democratic accountability under multiple metrics of doing that so in the u.s. you have a congress and the senate in europe you have a european council which has multiple metrics of voting so you don't necessarily only have to have one country one vote like you might have at the u.n. you can have other ways of balancing that using. multiple majorities or double majorities as a way to vote for things that the i.m.f. and that's one of the first things we've asked for in this new selection process for a new managing director because if you go strictly on the voting rights that are currently in place at the i.m.f. europeans have are are heavily overrepresented and will be able to install their candida

programs whether these are reasons enough to dismantle the institution and do away with the economic germany of the bretton woods system is still a matter for debate presently the i.m.f. is the only global financial institution with billions of dollars at his disposal that proved quite handy during the recent financial crisis we are one shark away from. if a national crisis taught us that prevention is better than cure. we cannot afford to forget that lesson regional lending institutions can provide an alternative to the dominance of organizations like the i.m.f. but such spin offs can hardly wield the same political and economic power in the time of crisis nonetheless the world is changing very quickly and it remains to be seen if the i.m.f. in its current form will be able to keep up with the tempo of our ever globalizing world charney for cross party. ok and i think the daniel first thing because because you would have a provocative article a few days ago so i'm going to read one of the provocative sentences and i think it's the first sentence the imus's i missed as function more

in which institution?t is the question. >> charlie: you have suggested that in some institutions there is corruption and a lack of confidence and that's one of the principal things you have to do. >> yes, and that's exactly the question i want to raise with them, talking directly. >> charlie: how will you do that? you're head of state. how will you communicate? what kind of -- protest in the street has a -- >> i invited the leaders of the promoters of the march to talk with me. javier cecilia, mr. bairn, and tell them what are your arguments, what are your suggestions? i want to express my solidarty with your movement but at the same time i want to explain to you what are the reasons for my side and what exactly my government is doing and what do we need in order to improve the situation and i will say we need better police corps at the state level, and better attorney general offices. and i need your support and your civil society movement in order to press the local institution to rebuild their own perfo

the final basket of institutions are institutions of accountability, aka, democracy. so you sometimes get the idea, and i think this comes from tokeville that once the idea of equality is out, it's unstoppable, and it just, you know, happens. i think one the things you realize when you look at the actual history of the rise of ghok is just how -- democracy is just how weird and ring, in a way contingent its emergence was, and it arose because of the survival of a peculiar feudal institution into modern times called the parliament. every european country in the middle ages had a body called an estate, a parliament, a sovereign court in spain, the courts in russia, they were the dias, all places of high nobility sometimes. by waw see, and they had to wage war and collect taxes, all right? in the late 16th and 17th centuries, you had all these powerful monarchs that wanted to behave like a chinese emperor creating a centralized powerful bureaucratic realm in which everything was uniformed, and they wage the this long struggle against these estates in every single country

that is the background there are three baskets of institutions we need to think about. the state is all about power and the ability to concentrate power in the hierarchy to use it to enforce rules over a territory. in the developing world why we sometimes take politics for granted, we assume things will have been. long term living in fairfax county the pot holes get filled every spring. why? there is a hideous social structure that provides the services and pretty efficiently in a rich county like fairfax. but to it is interesting why those happen and all of the anti-government activist don't understand if you want of a country that doesn't have the strong government then you ought used days go to somalia or less developed country that cannot enforce the rules on its own territory. if you don't just 12 on the assault rifle, and then you are freed to do it but it is not a happy society because second is the rule of law that is all about community rules of justice that is regarded twos the will whoever is of president gore came monarch. the executive doesn't feel he or sh

. >> for financial institutions. >> for financial institutions. there are a number of people in the bankruptcy community that believe that if bankruptcy laws changed that bankruptcy would be better. i know a lot of it deals with derivatives. can you give me some ideas of thoughts where you might believe that bankruptcy would be better? one of the issues with bankruptcy is that we are loing out for the creditors as we wind things down. i would like to hear your thoughts on some things that could be changed in the bankruptcy code that would actually make bankruptcy better. >> i think you are right. how derivatis are traded is very important. we would love to work with this committee andhe judiciary. we deal a lot with bankruptcy court. banks we resolve are frequently restructured and go into bankruptcy. we are quite familiar with the strengths and weaknesses of the process. how bankruptcy treats derivatives is a big problem. having the ability to require counter parties to continue to perform on their derivative contra

mostly residential units around the institutional use. you basically have single-family dwellings that are in the midst of an institutional use. i concede granting -- i see granting an intensification of use. but to tread compound that it has no real association with the care or the residents in the facility right below it. initially, they were asking for a size that would go beyond the scope of the neighborhood character is what i am hearing. it is asking for too much, actually. i am happy to see it remain at an institutional use caring for those residents. but i can't support intensifying the use anymore. even with the caveat of what the commissioner had sort of provided us with, a return to a single-family dwelling even with that. commissioner moore: a motion to disapprove and deny her the conditional use. president olague: what we have to have intended to disapprove? >> second. commissioner sugaya: isn't one of the reasons why institutional uses such as this are permitted a matter of state law? >> depending on the size of the institut

often, they have to compete with large financial institutions that have an institution to hide the price terms in small print. >> you are talking about improving transparency been a very much so. >> if you were them, how you do that t? >> first and foremost, you focus on disclosure of information. the way we have done consumer protection in the united states since the truth in lending act is primarily focused on disclosure and try and improve the disclosure forms. they started doing that with credit cards. they're trying to boil down 30- page credit card agreements to a one-page agreement that we can read in plain english. >> is there some other place this makes sense to disclose? is there online possibilities? >> that's one possibility. it is not clear exactly right answer is. the task before us is to figure out what is the optimal way to do this. i expect to the cfpb that online comparisons would be like comparing cars comparingcarmax. >> what is your best guess as to how the market reacts to this? >> if i was a financial institution that made a lot of money by hiding terms, i would no

the final basket of institutions are institutions of accountability, a.k.a. democracy. you sometimes get the idea and this comes from popeville that once the idea is out is unstoppable. one of the things you realize when you look at the actual history of the rise of democracy is just how weird it in a way contingent this emergence was. it a rose really because of survival of a peculiar feudal institution into modern times which is called the parliament. every country in the middle ages had a body called parliament or sovereign court, cortes in russia or in poland and hungary, these were collections of notables of gentry and high mobility, sometimes of the bourgeoisie. the king had to go to the bodies to get permission to wage war and collect taxes. in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries you had these powerful monarchs who wanted to behave like a chinese emperor. they wanted to create a centralized powerful bureaucratic realm in which everything was uniform and they way it this long struggle against these estates in every single country and only in one of them d

so that's the second set of important institutions. the '30s institution of accountability. today we associate those with democracy and elections. but that's not the only form of accountability. in any event, when accountability institutions were first put into place in 17th century england, the king was accountable to parliament that are represented% of english population, and richest 10%. you can have accountability without having democracy. and i believe as in china and you can also have moral accountability. that is to say that government can feel obligated to take the interests of its citizens into account even in the absence of election. the question is where did these come from? the state is all about the concentration of power. the rule of law and accountability are all means of limiting power. the miracle of modern politics is that you get the president of the united states who is the most powerful individual of human history and nuke the rest of the world if he wants to, but he doesn't because it's all limited by law and accountable political institutions, the kind

it is impossible not to support an institution like this. during one of the conversations regarding another institution, the issue of beds have been raised. more seigneury reduction so that you will be adding 22. that is something that is critical. it is important to have an institution that is culturally and linguistically competent. i have worked on this project of distributing questionnaires for seniors who live in hotels. the need is great for many people that live regardless of the circumstances, what is important to air lot of these aging seniors, many of which are monolingual, that they remain within their community. it is important that we have the facilities in place to care for this population. it is going to serve more than just seniors. it is an issue that is more critical than we realize. i want to thank you all for coming out and showing your support for this. i think that is it. >> thank you, commissioners. >> we are going to call a 10- minute recess just so that we can transition. >> a 10-minute recess, thank you.

institutions. we made significant changes that directly affect fdic insured institutions. for example, we may be $250,000 deposit insurance limit permanent. you played a meaningful role in making that happen. we changed the formula for deposit insurance assessment so larger institutions engaged in riskier activities will pay more than smaller institutions that pose less of a potential threat to the fdic. we increased the minimum level required in the d.i.f. to provide a better cushion in troubled economic times so smaller banks are protected from having to foot the bill that there is a need to raise additional funds. all these actions we took were meant to help both prevent another economic crisis and to help soften the blow when unanticipated things happen. i am looking forward to hearing from chairwoman bair because i know there are a number of new requirements on regulators. what do you see as challenges going forward? i want to hear any words of wisdom you have to leave with us before you leave

and the staff are well trained physicians from institutions such as you see san francisco -- the university of california in san francisco. some of us chose to go to your lungs but then we came back. what we need from you in order to continue to serve our community and to meet the health care needs of a vulnerable population is your support to help move this project along. the information supports the need for the chinese hospital. we need and we thank you for your support. >> thank you very much. >> good afternoon, commissioners. i am the public policy manager at chinatown community development center. i am here to express our support for the chinese hospital, and for getting this through in a timely fashion so that we can begin with the process of approving the project. chinatown community development center is a 34 year old organization that has served chinatown in numerous capacities. we build affordable housing and we engage and work with neighborhoods and residence, and we have been deeply involved with the community planning aspect of chinatown. we were instrumental in 1986 along wit

khalil gibran muhammad will take over the landmark cultural institution in july. robert battle and khalil gibran muhammad coming up right now. >> all i know is his name is james, and he needs extra help with his reading. >> i'm james. >> yes. >> to everyone making a difference -- >> thank you. >> you help us all live better. >> nationwide insurance supports tavis smiley. with every question and answer, nationwide insurance is happy to help tavis improve financial literacy and remove obstacles to economic empowerment one conversation at a time. nationwide is on your side. >> and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. [captioning made possible by kcet public television] tavis: i could not think of a better week to conclude our week here in new york than to focus on the of the two and a cultural institution beginning with the famed alvin ailey dance center. robert battle will be taking over. he is only the third person to lead alvin ailey. i don't mean that you have some big feet but you have some big shoes to fill. >> thank you. i do

these institutions are the new gics.here invites government-sponsored enterprises backed by the federal government and u.s. taxpayers. movies recently rated such institutions hire expressly for that purpose because of the federal government backside. before talking about regulation, but may talk about the limitations put on the fed to act in emergencies. the fed had in hot fat emergency authority to act in financial crises under what is called section 83. the dodd-frank act greatly curtailed emergency authority particular relating to non-things. first and most importantly, the fed can no longer provide lending assistance to a single specific term unless it is part of a broad base program. think bear stearns neg billets. that is not possible in the future as currently constructed. and the emergence muster broad-based eligibility. they must adopt policies and procedures that collateral any emergency loans is sufficient to protect taxpayers from us. hearts to to believe they put that in law. any such program is terminated i

institute of peace.enator john mccain will be given the acheson award and he will speak on middle east policy. it is just getting under way, live here on c-span. >> good evening. i am ag said a vice president of the united states institute of peace, and it is with great pleasure and great warmth that we welcome you to our new and permanent headquarters in the nation's capital. [applause] in just a few moments, richard solomon will formally introduce tonight's special guest and recipient of the dean acheson award. i am glad that senator mccain is in the house, and i hope you will join me in formally welcoming him deceiving. [applause] i would also like to acknowledge the presence tonight of some men and women from the department of defense, civilians who are being deployed to afghanistan to help the afghan ministry of defense and the interior, and they have been training in part with usit's academy, and as they get ready to think about heading off to kabul, i wonder if they would stand and be recognized.

institution or a nont.a.r.p. institution is eligible to apply and participate. the other thing that i would say is that th isn't a program to assist cpb banks. in fact, there's no opportunity forn institution to decrease their interest rate without increang the amount of small business lending that they do. >> i guess the threshold you're using as a standard, they only have to increase it by 2.5% i mean essentially. they can exchange, you know, what they're receiving under t.a.r.p. for this at a lower interest rate, and they only have the increase their small business lending by 2.5%. that's just a minimal increase frankly. you are replacing one with the other. the objective isn't to assist the t.a.r.p. recipients but the net effect is that it is happening. so i think tat's the point here, is that are we ju turning over the same money now benefiting those who have already received, you know, a great benefit from the united states government that we like to invite other institutions into the fray to expand the loan portfolios among banks and other entities that c

. >> for financial institutions. >> for financial institutions. there are a number of people in the bankruptcy community that believe that if bankruptcy laws changed that bankruptcy would be better. i know a lot of it deals with derivatives. can you give me some ideas of thoughts where you might believe that bankruptcy would be better? one of the issues with bankruptcy is that we are looking out for the creditors as we wind things down. i would like to hear your thoughts on some things that could be changed in the bankruptcy code that would actually make bankruptcy better. >> i think you are right. how derivatives are traded is very important. we would love to work with this committee and the judiciary. we deal a lot with bankruptcy court. banks we resolve are frequently restructured and go into bankruptcy. we are quite familiar with the strengths and weaknesses of the process. how bankruptcy treats derivatives is a big problem. having the ability to require counter parties to continue to perform on their derivative

guru peter schiff with us tonight to explain the twists and turns of silver last week and how the institutional gold rush we're seeing now will play out we'll find out why libya was bombed not because of oil for humanitarian reasons but because of gold we've got cops paying people in food to get high don herold of the day trade show who predicted the silver plunge joins us and. hold on i'm getting a text message from oh it's it's the president security alert whatever you do do not be caught watching vs the man. you've been hearing for years from cheerleaders of gold and silver saying you have to buy silver or gold are going to lose everything to inflation well there is a grain of truth to that if you will hold your savings in u.s. dollars the purchasing power of that money will slowly be drained away is more money is created by the federal reserve here in washington but anyone who follows that up with and therefore you have to buy silver or gold or this twenty year supply deal hydrated food is well. trying to sell you something and while silver is generally continued its exponential growth curv

institutions. we needed elections. the legislative council -- the residential election. everybody attacking everybody else. hamas saying president is not legitimate. everybody's saying legislative council is no longer legitimate because it has run its course. people were saying the plo was obsolete because the president had elections and the needed to have elections in order to represent all of the palestinians, including hamas and others. that has to be done in a way to include palestinians in exile. to do that, which is a real requirement for a democratic system in palestine, -- i do not what does the government because we are unique in that our government is not political. that meant we needed to move ahead and we needed to have this unity to carry out elections. otherwise it is very easy to stop the elections. we said local government elections, hamas said no, prevented the election commission's from working in gaza and that is it. you cannot have elections in one place and not the other. the s

it allows for the life of the sidewalk to course right into the institution. this is in the tradition of the gardens of san and it is. as a seven siskin that is proud of the street life and public realm, our ability to support the public life, i believe this proposal passes that test. >> the evening, members of the planning commission. i am here today to support the design proposal. as you might know, they have been involved in several stages of this process and actively advocating to reinforce facilities for a seismic event. it was made a fairly clear by their presentation, they have had an extremely hot location sensitive approach t

. >> good afternoon and thank you for the opportunity to speak in support of the institutional master plan for chinese hospital. i am the director of program operations. we began nearly 40 years ago in the chinatown with beach community of san francisco, serving seniors to this health center and we went on to develop the program of care for the elderly, an integrated model of care. the prototype of this model is the long-term care services provider program designed to her -- help the frail seniors remain in their home for as long as possible rather than being institutionalized. this was nationally replicated and this is in 30 states across the country. in san francisco, what does this mean? we are serving 900 frail seniors in san francisco and almost 500 of them are in the chinatown community. we have worked closely with chinese hospital since the program began with the commitment to meet the cultural and linguistic needs of these seniors receiving care through the program and these organizations. most of the seniors we serve in the chinatown community still live here because of the s

institution or nont.a.r.p. institution is eligible to apply and participate. and the other thing that i want say is that this isn't -- that is not a program to assist cp banks. in fact, there's no community for an institution to decrease their interest rate without increasing the amount of small business lending that they do. >> but, i guess the threshold that you are using is the standard. they only have to increase it by 2.5%. so i mean essentially, they can exchange, you know, what they are receiving under t.a.r.p. for this at a lower interest rate. and they only have to increase the small business lending by 2.5%. so that's just a minimal increase, frankly. so you are really replacing one with the other. i mean you may have -- not to reduce, but the net effect is it is happening. i think that's the point here we are just turning home the same money that's turning over those that have already received from the united states government to invite other institutions into the spread to expand the loan portfolios. i guess that's my concern. i think it's one that

those same institutions i do not believe are involved in silver to any extent and i suspect that they will get involved with silver and of course once they get involved with silver there's going to be a horrendous shortage of silver and max one further thing back to the rate as you well know the commercials are short silver and i think it was just getting totally out of hand from their positions what silver was fifty dollars an ounce the margin he had to keep putting up and that's why i think this raid was perpetrated was more to get the shorts off the hook than it was to reduce the speculation of the lawns and you know we always characterize that people as that are along the speculators well what about the people who were short is that's an even more of a speculation when you realize that your losses are limited so i think it was just like the way they nailed bunker hunt is what they're trying to do this time but i don't think they're going to be so that successful because you're so much interest worldwide in silver. much of it a credit to you and others that have recommended sold ri

could do in terms of moving into that market and i might comment that you know the institutions were slow to get out of the gold market and you know i describe some of the people who bought back in zero eight is johnny come lately because we already had a neat your bull market in gold but a lot of people thought it was the start of something and of course the timing was good because of q.e. one. those same institutions i do not believe are involved in silver to any extent and i suspect that they will get involved with silver and of course once they get involved with silver there's going to be horrendous shortage of silver and max one for the thing back to the rate as you well know the commercials are short in silver and i think it was just getting totally zero to hand from their positions when silver was fifty dollars an ounce the margin they had to keep putting up and that's why i think this raid was perpetrated was more to get the shorts off the court than it was to reduce the speculation of the lawns and you know we always characterize the people as that are along the speculators

we will be well informed when we get to the process of thinking about institution by institution designation in money market fund and mutual fund area. >> i see my time is expired something to mr. chairman. >> thank you, cementer toomey. >> -- senator toomey. >> chairman bernanke and chairman bair, title i had to our important cornerstones of the dodd-frank act. of the house republican proposal includes the repeal of title to and other legislation has been introduced in both houses to repeal the dodd-frank act. what do you think of the repeal effort? should we go back to the system of regulation that existed before the financial crisis? >> mr. chairman, as i sit in my opening comment, i think it there is no alternative but to move forward with a dodd-frank statute as enacted. the idea that taxpayers continue to be on the hook in these moments of stress is one that is unacceptable, and i think the statute clearly puts an end to it and so we think that it's critical that in the kind of very as you discussed in your opening statement, orderly liquidation of 40, the resolution plans that need to

the importance of the cyclical "ill institutions -- will institutions. the fact that we exceed it play out in europe in that way, an empirical example, a does not a theoretical argument, aid debate -- a debate and what makes you need exceptional and so valuable has to included debate over the size and reach and scope of government because of its effect on these civic institutions which are so fundamental. >> yes. but i think that works out in our politics is that we have these principles, such as limited government and liberty stacked up on one side and someone might step up equal opportunity on the other side can make an argument within an american context to say that the government adds this program to create equal opportunities so that these people can get to the starting line. someone may be on the right side and someone may be on the left side with a larger program based on equal opportunity. but i think both americans are debating arguments based on american principles. >> i agree. instead of arguing the mechanism you wouldrsonal left, can yo under

institution or a nont.a.r.p. institution is eligible to apply and participate. the other thing that i would say is that this isn't a program to assist cpb banks. in fact, there's no opportunity for an institution to decrease their interest rate without increasing the amount of small business lending that they do. >> i guess the threshold you're using as a standard, they only have to increase it by 2.5% i mean essentially. they can exchange, you know, what they're receiving under t.a.r.p. for this at a lower interest rate, and they only have the increase their small business lending by 2.5%. that's just a minimal increase frankly. you are replacing one with the other. the objective isn't to assist the t.a.r.p. recipients but the net effect is that it is happening. so i think that's the point here, is that are we just turning over the same money now benefiting those who have already received, you know, a great benefit from the united states government that we like to invite other institutions into the fray to expand the loan portfolios among banks and other entiti

institution or a nont.a.r.p. institution is eligible to apply and participate.the other thing that i would say is that this isn't a program to assist cpb banks. in fact, there's no opportunity for an institution to decrease their interest rate without increasing the amount of small business lending that they do. >> i guess the threshold you're using as a standard, they only have to increase it by 2.5% i mean essentially. they can exchange, you know, what they're receiving under t.a.r.p. for this at a lower interest rate, and they only have the increase their small business lending by 2.5%. that's just a minimal increase frankly. you are replacing one with the other. the objective isn't to assist the t.a.r.p. recipients but the net effect is that it is happening. so i think that's the point here, is that are we just turning over the same money now benefiting those who have already received, you know, a great benefit from the united states government that we like to invite other institutions into the fray to expand the loan portfolios among banks and other entitie

nora volkow who is the director of the national institute on drug abuse, and recently dr. volkow, you conducted a study on cell phones. what was that study? >> guest: the study was to try to find out the human brain is sensitive to the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by cell phones which is not an obvious answer because this is a very low intensity. and prior studies that have been done to address that question have provided very inconclusive results. some show increases in activity, some show decreases, some show no changes, so very difficult to extract information that could answer that question, is the human brain sensitive to the intensities of electromagnetic radiation that are deposited in your brain when you're using a cell phone just for regular communications. >> host: so if that was the question you were looking to answer, what is the answer? is. >> guest: well, we found that after 50 minutes of exposure of a cell phone, the areas of the brain that were closest to the antenna showed increase consumption of glucose. now, glow cose is the way the brain ex

how do you guys select the institutions? >> they're generally selected based on the students' needs and a lot of instances there are not n.p.s.'s here, either in the city or the local jurisdiction that can address the various needs that the student may need through the i.e.p. but we do not have a public bidding process for that. president mendoza: can i just add -- so if there is two organizations that provide the service, how do we go about choosing one over the other? is this a referral? is this who we've always used? commissioner norton: if we're ordered by an administrative law judge, if a parent has taken its due process and we lose, the a.l.j. basically goes to the parent and says, what's the appropriate placement. president mendoza: so the parent could be the one -- [inaudible] commissioner fewer: we have more recently been monitoring the cost as well and so we -- president mendoza: i'm sorry, you guys. thank you. >> so we do now take into consideration cost, transportation, so generally with very limited exceptions i

we will be well informed when we get to the process of thinking about institution by institution designation in money market fund and mutual fund area. >> i see my time is expired something to mr. chairman. >> thank you, cementer toomey. >> -- senator toomey. >> chairman bernanke and chairman bair, title i had to our important cornerstones of the dodd-frank act. of the house republican proposal includes the repeal of title to and other legislation has been introduced in both houses to repeal the dodd-frank act. what do you think of the repeal effort? should we go back to the system of regulation that existed before the financial crisis? >> mr. chairman, as i sit in my opening comment, i think it there is no alternative but to move forward with a dodd-frank statute as enacted. the idea that taxpayers continue to be on the hook in these moments of stress is one that is unacceptable, and i think the statute clearly puts an end to it and so we think that it's critical that in the kind of very as you discussed in your opening statement, orderly liquidation of 40, the resolution plans that need to

many of the national institutions that are now in place are really creatures of the cold war, post-world war ii. what's your assessment -- it may not be a fair question in this forum. maybe i can ask you later and maybe you haven't given a tremendous amount of thought himself perhaps you have and the institutions how they are able to deal with the 21st century. it's dramatically different than just 20 years ago. they're all-important but the united nations, nato, here in this hemisphere, the oas -- is it in your mind -- have we reached the point where maybe we can start on a global scale having a conversation about either retooling some of these organizations and institutions to really kind of line up more with the realities of the 21st century and the kind of challenges we're facing? >> it's a very important point, senator and i think, you know, some of that is underway already but i think it needs to be approached with greater vigor and determination. and whether when you look at some of the important regional organizations like the oas, for example, which i think has -- you know, itse