it's around within iran. so with the story of let's say a farmer you don't only get to hear about this very intimate and personal story but you get to understand the impact of sanctions on iran's economy sort of the black market exists in iran. inflation. the labor, the challengesthat affect people in farming and labor but also you understand the issues pertaining to the environment . family values and really sort of the rich history that this is keeping so every story unpacks layers and there's been so much thought that has gone through this process. it took fouryears like i said . there was in norma's research i put in the book that really each person opens up a whole wide window into layers of nuance that again, perhaps fulton the west releasee. >> one of those individuals you spoke to, you knew given the fact that you are a part of their world in terms of your background but you're an american citizen. were they reluctant to speak with you or did you feel there was a reluctance to be honest and open with

and that is what matters most to iran. that should be how we approach negotiations with iran. expect tactical agreements but not a strategic shift. >> thank you. thank you to all three of you. if you have questions, email me at rsatt loff@washingtoninstitute.org or use the q&a function on zuma. i would play off of comments that you, katie, and aron made. monitoring the resurgence of al qaeda inside taliban control. katie, you referred to what you thought were complications with having an over the horizon counterterrorism response. aaron, you referred to the ct infrastructure that has been built up over the last 20 years. here, the question is how much of that structure was itself dependent on the presumption that wheat would be in afghanistan, as we have been over the last 20 years? i asked with a view to expand a bit on that counterterrorism challenges that we could very well face with tablian -controlled afghanistan. katie: the u.s. decision to remove all forces before the tablian took over it was set to pose significant challenges. our ability to conduct ct operations, part

of iran. de brooke, the chain of, of the tv, you know, any others should decide to be to live for itself and determine its own said the do is lumnick. you don't have a democracy, you don't, it's hard. got a hardy, it's got to be shut j as in they both the wrong as being a sun, like a sun. now now day or 2. second, the stage of the democracy when your home or child need to hit all on the back. so that has been a thousands of years, the civilization behind us and we have been progress if we are given the motto of civilization. the great iran pro, i mean he was putting a category. not all man don't settle on that john yet. so basically even has always been progress even after accepting as long as the same pro christmas. they mixed it with the with the religion. and now you don't, if you don't. so the new you on did iran of this 15th century solos that solar calendar. and i am honored being elected as the president by the nation and being entrusted to it, protecting the legacy to say could legacy.

-- aligned with iran. they were willing to work together in a common anti-american agenda until they felt there was a threat they felt was imposed to iran itself. when the is drum -- islamic state overran northern iraq, there was a perception felt inside of iran that they were coming to iran and not just the holy cities, but iran itself was in threat. that was exacerbated by the attack on july 2017. one day, the islamic state attacked both of these buildings in tehran and also the tomb in tehran. they killed 17 people. there was this perception that the islamic state was coming to take on iran and therefore, they became hostile to them. it is conceivable that is what will happen here as well. so far, we see no indications of that at all. let me close by offering if you lessons that this offers. one is that the persian regime places great clarity on its hostility to the net states. they are prepared to swallow a lot in order to cooperate with those who are hostile to the u.s. i conclude that it is frankly f

into iran. ~ , , into iran. into iran. will they be welcomed? so far - into iran. will they be | welcomed? so far iran into iran. will they be - welcomed? so far iran has established camps to welcome afghan refugees in three provinces along the border. and the messaging has been mixed as to what is going to happen to them afterwards. the interior ministry has said that once things are stable they will send them back and having said that, steak tv quotes officials saying that, oh, these refugees we are wealthy camming them with open arms. the reality is that this is an extremely challenging situation for iran mystically and it already houses 2 million afghan refugees as well as 600,000 passport holders according to the united nations. so it already has a very big afghan community there. there are nearly 5 million afghan refugees that have already displaced before the taliban gained ground and 90% of them have been housed by the islamic regime of iran as well as pakistan. that is already one challenge. and iran is

call person council members like our iran is in good terms with oman. iran doesn't have that to baptize with co weight. they are in good turns one way or another. it's the follow these as well as somehow pushed by the u a. e. and of course somehow rain, but mainly the you either push into solving this, all of these has not been shorter, taking any kind of hostile option in the last one or 2 decades against iran. though there have been often dallas all throughout the past one or 2 century. still in the past the case, according to the confessions made by top us former and person officials like joe by then when he was a wife president hilary clinton. when he was, she was a secretary of state marston dancy, who was the chairman of the joint chief of staff on the obama in 2014. they have all made a lots of confessions that their war militancy was created by mainly sold the re be supported by the radio in order to wear off iranian allies. and in order to demolish iranian allies in the region in syria and in iraq 1st, 2nd, we do know that the m b. s. in front of the cameras. mom, mom declared

. -- iran, and gaza.t's clear that the israeli prime minister goes into this meeting with a number of agenda items that are at odds with biden administration policy. one of those issues is israel's desire to continue expanding settlements, illegal settlements, into the occupied territories. in fact, in an interview earlier this week with the new york times, the israeli prime minister referred to this expansion as "standard political growth." and this is something that certainly will create some friction with joe biden and his policymakers. he is also opposed to the creation of an independent palestinian state, and he was vague about whether or not he would block a proposal by the biden administration to put in place a palestinian consulate in occupied east jerusalem. now, the other big friction point that is expected between these to men is the issue of the iran nuclear agreement, to limit iran's nuclear program. the biden administration has been very clear, that it seeks to revive this nuclear deal, but

does want to get back to the iran deal and doesn't want to completely isolate iran. of course, it will come back and try to present a case of how dangerous iran is and that there is a lot more enrichment of uranium and that iran is really a menace to the region. but we'll see that i don't think they're completely on the same page about this. young cas, natalie bennett, says he wants a fresh stop with us. is he going to get it? i think he'll get it for one very simple reason. at least that will give him some credit from the outset that he's not benjamin antonio. right? there's no secret that benjamin and funny are when the democratic party in united states have had a long history of tension. and it's coming talking about a new spirit and new start and new government in jerusalem that can not necessarily see i similar to what natasha said on issues of extreme importance for his or whether it's the iranians or even the palestinian issue, which we might talk about they're definitely not gonna agree on all of those big issues or how to confront them. but the fact that mat

what's iran strategy with this? so in more on this, this incident, let's bring in former us naval intelligence officer john jordan. john, great to see you look if anybody knows about these issues, you do so thanks for coming on. the bottom line here, john israel have have traded attacks at sea, you know, numerous times this year alone and really timeframe over the last 18 months. israel going after or on, and ships around targeting israeli when ships, what's the strategy? what's her on strategy though with this maritime conflict? and does are on use of these, you know, as they're called, suicide drones represent a dangerous new escalation in warfare or in part in the pond. is iran simply testing the waters the 2 parts to this john? the 1st part is iran. iranian domestic politics. first of all, they just had a new government sworn in. there's lots of different factions inside of iran that need to be placated. new regime wants to look tough and they want to look like they've even the score for the incident in the medi

well if it wasn't iran directly, iran has many allies in the region. whether it's in yemen or other places, iran has many. there are many constituencies in countries throughout the region that are sympathetic to the situation that iran is in. they don't like american behavior. they don't like israeli behavior. so even if it wasn't iran directly, iran has many allies and they have for some time, this is an issue that has really been devil of the united states and the europeans that we can't really kind of get a handle on that. how could there be groups that are sympathetic to iran, but there are and they will continue to be unless there is a real diplomatic framework there, bring the iran into it, into the international community, into some sort of dispute, rather dispute resolution mechanism that include both the united states in iran and doesn't have us kind of in this shadow war. thank you so much for your insight. hillary man leverett, former white house national security official. we appreciate your time. thank you. the speaker of denise is frozen,

so i'm going to have to give in iran, if iran does not, if you're running machine is not able to deliver economically for people. yeah, and that's a great point. just real quick on the issue of these attack drones. iran has been not only testing the waters but also testing the airspace. it's been able to get some of these drones across the syrian border into israeli aerospace, not very long israel sheets these, these drones down. but is there, do you see an increase in arise ability with these attacks around they used them in saudi arabia, you know, across the border from yemen. it's a saudi arabia. are we going to see more of this? you think? absolutely, this is the, this is the vehicle, this is the kind of the weapon in the future. and a lot of ways, drones can be either really expensive and really sophisticated and do some really amazing things. or they can be pretty cheap and an easily either defeated or militarily ineffective. you know, in terms of not be able to pack a big punch. but drones like this are inexpensive. there's something that can be fabricated off the shelf technology

iran and iraq. during the last few years, we went to more than $300000000.00 or 8 crossing boulders there between both countries and all the corporation is their commercial trade and exchange during these through these crossings, this bytes karone out despite it covered up with 19 this is an indication that how is the relation between both countries, the stronger also iran has supported the loved ones comes to tricity, export import in a very not simple and honest and ways. iran has helped a lot in developing commercial and economic corporation with iraq to get con, this stablish moment of dash of eyes. so it was one of the most important min, correct in the region. and the presence of a dash i sell has led to losses. that mass of iraq has suffered because of these terrorist groups. that's why popular one will of the iraq is the so poor to the religious leadership is that are pretty small of the different can take resign the components of the iraqi people. use the old car. yeah. very important in so

the west want not just to control iran nuclear program, also iran activities in the region.n missile program. these are some of the issues the u. delegate have been pressing to get a concession from iran. at this point, those negotiations, which was taking plac in vienna, has been fzen , waiting for the new president to come to the office and also, the new team take on that inittive. laura: do you think president raisi willscalate hostilities with israel? iran is accused of carrying out a drone attack on a tanker. you think that will intensify? >> at this point, many people say there is a shadow war. there is a covert operation by israel within iran. there have been sabotages, assassinations of irani and nuclear scientists and military minds and iranians have been attacking as well. there is a confrontation, but we have to see in the coming months how much mr. raisi listens to the hard-liners in the revolutiony guard to take action. don't forget, the military is not controlled by the president. the military is controlled by the supreme leader. they are listening to him, not

and i think we're in for some real escalation on iran part. there, there been some fundamental changes in the international political, economic, and military structure which makes is rarely shipping, in particular, quite vulnerable. still ahead on al jazeera, the scale of devastation is emerging in turkey. the most intense law 5 in recent years. and why a holiday cruises through the historic canals of venice could soon be a thing i i, it's time for the journey. the winter sponsored my cattle airways. hello, good to see you. it has been nonstop rain for parts of western india, for example, some of the states what's been called chart con, for example, look at these storm clouds here just bringing out their moisture. so an example of this over the past 24 hours scooping up a $170.00 millimeters of rain. this is in the indian state of chart guns. now let me show you where the intense rain is falling on monday. see the yellows, the darker the color, the more intense the rain is. as we head toward areas of bangladesh and the west coast of neon mar.

a proxy of iran. to what extent is this is this perhaps could be seen as, as iran trying to send a message to israel sue through the mouthpiece of his book. this is clearly a situation where iran and has been coordinated very closely. it's widely the, made them and passionately debated, and lebanon is, has a puppet of iran, can iran order has led to attack israel, or is, has been primarily a lebanese islamist and regional force that is strategically linked to iran, but makes its own decisions. nobody has asked that question definitively, but clearly there is a link about what has mala does what iran does, what the, what is mass, other people in the region, the syrians, they are all grouped together in 11 dynamic. and then this is, this is one of the achievements of the iranian revolution across the region. many people don't like it, many people like it. there's a huge split, ideologically in lebanon. and in the region is it's good to push back against israel and the us and others and right, bring our

i will iran deal with that?— they be welcome to? i will iran deal with that?ixed messaging there. - deal with that? there has been mixed messaging there. they i mixed messaging there. they have set up temporary housing across three provinces on the afghanistan border, and state tv has been quoting officials that are saying they are going to welcome afghans with open arms, but there has been some mixed messaging from the interior ministry and what will happen to these refugees but they will be turned back eventually, and part of that is because there are some real challenges within a run domestically. they already have is 2 million afghan refugees. they've also got more than 600,000 afghan passport holders according to the un, there is already quite a big community there, and they've also got some real domestic problems. iran is in the midst of a fifth wave of the covid—19 pandemic. it's facing that that the very end. soaring record debts and a flailing vaccine programme. more than 500 deaths a day. on top of that can it's grappling with its economy which is st

this is iran, new president and abraham, and officially took control into iran. us net us secretary of state spokesperson that price. so the u. s. will defend america, security interests and that of its partners as well, including israel, but that the u. s. is waiting to see if iran takes a diplomatic approach to addressing the various issues, including the jcp away and that the u. s. is prepared to rejoin that nuclear dale, the jcp, a joint comprehensive plan of action deal if or on and here is to its responsibilities . so with more on s, including, if israel and the us is on a crash course with lebanon and iran, joining me now is former pentagon official, michael maloof. so here we go again. you were here yesterday and i said, i'm sure you're gonna be back and i'm sure to be talking more about this and here we are. first of all, let's, let's, let's start with webinar and start with that development, be instruction webinar. what do you make of that is, is this a dangerous escalation, or is it kind of tit for tat? beyond tit for tat? i think that this is clearly elements within lebanon

iran's militia groups have engaged in attacks against u.s. forces and facilities in iran.although we seek to de-escalate and avoid conflict with iran and iranian-back militia groups, as the deputy secretary noted, we would take action to respond to attacks against u.s. personnel and facilities in iraq. to that end, the president directed strikes in february and june this year in order to defend and protect u.s. personnel from ongoing attacks to deter further attacks. the president did not rely on the 2002 aumf and directing any of these recent actions. we believe we have sufficient authority to continue the vital counter-isis mission in iraq and syria and address any threats to the u.s. personnel or u.s. that might arise in iraq without the 2002 aumf. if circumstances change and it becomes clear other legal authorities are insufficient to address those threats, the administration would work with the congress to develop an appropriate new domestic authority tailored to addressing that scenario. thank you, mr. chairman. >> thank you. >> thank you. i am honored to be here tod

the perceived threat of iran is the main subject. almost 24,000 new covid cases in france. 93 people have lost their lives. there are signs that lockdown in martinique is beginning to work. this is live from paris. thank you very much for being with us. we start with the latest from afghanistan. the u.s. secretary of state says the taliban will allow americans and at risk afghans to lea after the august 31eadline but there have been contradictory words starting with the taliban telling afghans citizens to stop trying to reach kabul airport and stop trying to leave the country. u.s. president joe biden said 24 hours ago there is no need to extend the deadline. the pentagon said it will continue to evacuate people from afghanistan until the u.s. leaves tuesday. there are an estimated 10,000 people right now at kabul airport hoping to get out of afghanistan. let's hear first from the secretary of state of the u.s., antony blinken. >> there is no deadline on our work to help any remaining american citizens to leave along with many afghan

>> you said the border between iran and the soviet union. well, i think one of the first things that has to happen is, for stability, has got to be in iran itself to establish a government that can speak as a government for iran. part of our problem in all these long 444 days has been the inability of anyone seemingly to speak for that nation, to have a government. i think that any country would want to help another if they really showed an intent to have a government that would abide by international law and do what they could to help them in that regard. until such a thing appears apparent there, i don't know that there's anything we can do. the young lady. >> mr. president, if it's your intention to signal the world that this country will respond with swift retribution in cases of international terrorism in the future, why is it your policy not to retaliate rate against iran? >> what good would just revenge do? what form would that take? i don't think revenge is worthy of us. on the other hand, i don't think we act as if this never happen

today, israel says iran is to blame.d to an israeli billionaire and was reportedly hit with a suicide drone. the uss ronald reagan escorted the tanker to a safe lotion. no no country has taken responsibility for the attack. iranian state media says it happened in response to israeli strikes against syria last week. they called on the united kingdom to respond strongly to the incident since one of the people killed was a british national. this comes as iran prepares to swear in a new president president on thursday. the hard line judge will take over as the country's new leader and is considered to be far more hawkish than the current president. israel's new leader used a cabinet meeting today to speak directly to incoming regime in tehran about their actions. >> we expect the international community to clarify to the iranian regime that they made a big mistake. we in any case have our own way to relay the message to iran. >> reporter: we are getting new information this hour, the united kingdom says they too believe iran

the country in iran and in the world has to really prepare for the next supreme leader. and that it's very likely to be ever humor easy. so he has an enormous challenge in terms of the mundane kept a running, any kind of country. but he also has these enormous aspirational tasks for an entire people to bring them into a new era. israel's defense minister, if any gun says one, they are ready to strike iran in response to a drone attack on an oil tanker off the coast of amount. a week ago, the warning came, as israel urged, the united nation is to take action. 2 people were killed in the attack, the u. s. u k, and other countries backing the israeli assertion that iran was responsible, but its leaders deny being involved for the abil. hamid has more now from west jerusalem. well, certainly it's been a tense week and i think that the political military and intelligence leadership would have been actually listening very carefully to what do you new iranian president had to say? there has been a lot of rhetoric coming out of israel ever since that tanker, which is really mana

iran and with our partners. if really put iran in a position where it had to take were these measures into its own hands and it had to build up its own leverage in the international on the international military scene. and i think we're in for some real escalation on iran part. there's that there's been some fundamental changes in the international political, economic, and military structure which makes is rarely shipping, in particular, quite vulnerable. 2 people have been killed by a gunman at his beloved funeral south of lebanon's capital. it's not immediately clear who is behind the attack on calder. they open fire on a service for a commander of the ship group who was killed a day earlier. and what lebanese mediate say was a personal vendetta. supporters of brazil's president jaya both scenario took to the straits across the country. it was a show of support for his proposal to replace the electronic voting system with the pipe balance for next year's election. one k yanna kia reports from where diginero, t

a new president in iran, relatively new government here in israel, of course the talks are on the irannd the recent incidents at sea and of course the rocket attacks from earlier this morning from lebanon into southern israel by hezbollah showing that we're in a very volatile and sensitive situation at this moment. >> thank you for bringing us up to speed there. >> and let's get perspective now from tehran and that is where frederik pleitgen is standing by. as we heard there, there is a new claim of responsibility from hazardous and foreign sect saying iran is at a cross roads in international relations. what is the perspective from there? >> reporter: iranians are hearing all the things that are being said there by the israelis and brits. and rairanians are saying if th israelis did act militarily against iran, that iran's answer answer would be military as well. and in fact the head of iran's very powerful revolutionary guard corps, he was in that region where some of the incidents have been taking place and he was inspecting the iranian troops. of course iran does not only have very

this is not an agreement between the lebanese state and iran, but hezbollah and iran.ing it is not a political move, they are not trying to replace the lebanese state, they are intervening in a time of dire need. therefore, they are arguing that the moment the oil is on the lebanese ship, it is lebanese property and are warning the us and its ally, israel, not to intervene. and its ally, israel, not to intervene-— and its ally, israel, not to intervene. , intervene. he said the needs are dire within _ intervene. he said the needs are dire within lebanon, - intervene. he said the needs are dire within lebanon, wel intervene. he said the needs i are dire within lebanon, we saw the petrol stations but there is a lot more besides that? it has been compared to one of the worst crisis since the civil war. the economy has been on a downward turning point for two years, but it has reached a crisis point right now. the currency has lost 90% of its value, inflation is skyrocketing and half the population is below the poverty line. when you look at the pictures on the streets, it

k. blamed iran thereon denied it was involved was the last year has seen iran's nuclear facilities attacked, the country's top scientist assassinated and a conservative lead parliament responding by restricting international inspections on the roads nuclear facilities. braimer is seen as a chosen candidate of the political establishment. oh, but if he cannot address the immediate and pressing issues of the economy and sanctions, he's picked a future and ascendancy could be effected. i said big. i just, there was more still to come for here and use, including trying to make ends meet with charities and bangladesh are struggling to help communities, effective by cobra. 19 and half of all new cars must be electric in the states by 2030. the us president jo biden's promise for a revolution on american roads. and in sports, karachi makes it a limpid w in the spiritual home of japanese marshal ox. ah, $200000000.00 corona virus infections and climbing rapidly, it took a year to reach the 1st $100000000.00, but total cases have doubled in half. that time the search is being driven partly naturally

what does it mean for the people of iran? if that - people of iran?ence, not only is that inexperience, not only easy dinner with the nuclear deal and sanctions, iran's economy is battered, but affected by the pandemic, can he deal anything to do with that multitude of problems? getting sanctions relief _ multitude of problems? getting sanctions relief certainly - sanctions relief certainly helped but that is not the only solution. there is a great deal of corruption and smuggling and ifind it hard of corruption and smuggling and i find it hard to believe, despite his promises, that he will be able to track down because they are very powerful people and institutions which are monopolising the iran currency. i think people are fed up, depressed and a rather cynical about this president. many thanks indeed for your analysis. the greek minister kyriakos mitsotaki say many people face a menacing night. he warned the worst was yet to come with strong westerly winds expected to fan the flames of ryder. in one of the worst places, firefighters have spent tod

in any case, we know how to convey the message to iran in our own way. now the united states and united kingdom have joined israel in pointing as of yet, and substantiated fingers at iran, blaming her for being behind the tax. the secretary of state entity blinked and has said to quote that he's confident that iran was behind the attack. the united kingdom saying it's highly likely that's around what's behind it, but we have heard that phrase highly likely before and very often means that there is no evidence. we believe this attack was deliberate, targeted and a clear violation of international law by iran u. k. assessments have concluded that is highly likely that iran attack the n v most the street in international waters of amman on 29 july using one or more unmanned aerial vehicles. the radio foreign ministry is denying these claims are twice accusing the countries of false accusation. modes with the yet, the norma, this is not the 1st time the legitimate occupying race in jerusalem has made such false accusations against the blind republic of iran.

he may be one of the most important presidents in iran, modern history because he is likely to be the person next in line to become supreme leader. so he has an enormously difficult and enormously consequential challenge in front of him, which is to bring the country together, essentially to steady the ship internally domestically within the region and even on the international stage, to usher iran into a new era. i have, i wish the current supreme leader i told a i wish him good health and a long life, but in an age of coded and with the supreme leader is increasing age. the country in iran and in the world has to really prepare for the next supreme leader and that it's very likely to be abraham. right. easy. so he has an enormous challenge in terms of the mundane kept a running any kind of country. but he also has these enormous aspirational tasks for an entire people to bring them into a new era. israel defense minister, any gun says one, they're ready to strike iran in response to a drone attack on an oil tanker off the coast of amount a week ago. warning comes as israel urges the

to iran.some of the things the israelis have been saying and throwing threats right back at the israelis. in fact, one of the things that happened a day ago is that the head of iran's very powerful revolutionary guard corp., the general went down to that area to the persian gulf where some of the incidents had been taking place and he said that iran was ready for anything if the israelis chose to attack. he said the iranian forces down there, which are massive, they have navy forces, surface to air missile forces he said all are fully combat ready and also said that if the israelis tried any moves the iranian response would be militarily and would not be a diplomatic response. now you mentioned the spokesman for iran's foreign ministry heard those words that benny gantz said. he said in another brazen violation of international law, israeli regime now blatantly threatens iran with military action. he then later goes on to tweet, we state this clearly, any foolish act against iran will be met w

for iran.rt of our problem in all of these 444 days has been the inability of anyone seemingly to speak for the nation. to have a government. now i think that any country would want to help another if they really showed a intent to have a government that would abide by international law, and would do what they could to help them in that regard. but until there is such a thing that is apparently i don't know if there's anything we can do. >> young lady. >> mister president. if it is your intention to signal to the world that this country will with spawn with swift retribution in cases of international terrorism in the future, why isn't your policy not to retaliate against iran? >> what's good would just revenge do? what form would that take? i don't think that revenge is worthy of us. on the other hand, i don't think that we act as if this has never happened. i would rather wait until as i say, we complete, i know i have been on one side for too long, but someone said please. >> mister president

not your role and the united states are backing the united kingdom in blaming iran. but the thing is that nobody has any conscious of proof as to whether one office has happened. what we are hearing is that these countries will work together on ways to respond to, to run. we've also heard in the last few, always on these really side that tomorrow at a meeting of the united nations security general, they will be providing what they say is evident. the united nations secretary general spokesperson, however, has said that there is no conclusive evidence. and they said no definitive information in terms of who was responsible for best. iran has also said that it is not involved. it has a piece of several times. and it is also warned that if there's any kind of ways to attack, it will retaliate. so all of this searching, making the region more chance than it was just a short time ago. let's bring in now home ed mythology, who's a professor all political science at the university of terror on welcome. now the 1st thing i want to ask you, why would some british media outlet

-- in iran --that they continue to provide -- in iran --that they continue to provide arms to theseroxies? ms. stroul: continuing to support militias and terrorist organizations is not in their interest, that it somehow undermines russian or chinese security. these are not governments pushing iran to take steps that would restore stability, wind down conflicts, or move towards political proxy. >> there are members carrying around russian and chinese armaments that they have received from the iranians. thank you. ms. stroul: it is another reason why we need to remind our partners that these are not governments that are actually working to do things in their security interest. >> one final question occurs to me to cap off the dialogue. escalation and de-escalation on deterrents. it was not intended to solve all of our outs ending issues with iran, but as a mechanism to discuss and promote the ways that you can affect iranian behavior, other than through the sale of arms to their competitors. during the time the jcpoa was in effect, we did not see the level of attacks in iraq from iran