so-called total body irradiation. or whole body irradiation. they were done in other places, as well, houston, baylor, memorial, and new york. the theory was, if you had con certify, we knew that radiation could be used to treat cancer. maybe irradiating your whole body. total body irradiation, would help slow the cancer. actually, we had some pretty good evidence at this point that it didn't work. for the cancer. but the department of defense was very interested in the effects of total body irradiation. because if there is a nuclear war, and people get irradiated, are they going to be able to function? will a pilot who is flying a plane be able to land the plane? will they be able to fight if there's -- will they be able to work? ironically, the people they wanted to do this experiment on were precisely the people who were least likely to derive any benefit from it. we knew that certain kinds of cancer were sensitive to radiation. so irradiating those patients might expect to help them. but then the side effects of the radiation would be the s

so-called total body irradiation. or whole body irradiation. they were done in other places, as well, houston, baylor, memorial, and new york. the theory was, if you had con certify, we knew that radiation could be used to treat cancer. maybe irradiating your whole body. total body irradiation, would help slow the cancer. actually, we had some pretty good evidence at this point that it didn't work. for the cancer. but the department of defense was very interested in the effects of total body irradiation. because if there is a nuclear war, and people get irradiated, are they going to be able to function? will a pilot who is flying a plane be able to land the plane? will they be able to fight if there's -- will they be able to work? ironically, the people they wanted to do this experiment on were precisely the people who were least likely to derive any benefit from it. we knew that certain kinds of cancer were sensitive to radiation. so irradiating those patients might expect to help them. but then the side effects of the radiation would be the s

so-called total body irradiation or whole body irradiation.ese experiments were done at some other places as well, houston, baylor memorial, sloan-kettering in new york. >> the theory was if you had cancer, we knew that radiation could be used to treat cancer. maybe irradiating your whole body, total body irradiation, would help slow the cancer. actually we had some pretty good evidence at this point that it didn't work for the cancer. but the department of defense was very interested in the effects of total body irradiation because if there's a nuclear war and people get irradiated, are they going to be able to function? will a pilot who is flying a plane be able to land the plane? will they be able to fight? will they be able to work? ironically the people that wanted to do this experiment on were precisely the people who were least likely to derive any benefit from it. we knew that certain kinds of cancer were sensitive to radiation. so irradiating those patients might except to help them but then the side effects of the radiation would be

most of the patients who were irradiated were poor. most of the patients who were irradiated were african-american. all of them had cancer. some of them weren't all that sick. some of them were still ambulatory, some of them were still going to work. the radiation had some pretty serious effects. out of the 90 people who were irradiated, 21 of them were dead within a month. and here's what's -- there are many things bothersome about this. we know that when you irradiate people, they have side effects. you can get nauseated, you can get very nauseated. but the department of defense didn't want the patients to be given medicines to reduce the nausea because they wanted to know what the effects would be without the medicine to reduce the nausea. in fact, they didn't even want the patients to be informed the nausea might be a side effect, because that might influence them to get nauseated, so these patients were not given basic medicines that were given to other people at the time to help prevent the side effects of radiation. these experi

jonathan marino has a book on the experiments, the human irradiation experiments.it has a lot more detail. one of the lessons is that medicine and the quest for knowledge has to be looked at in the specific social, and economic context. it just can't be understood if you take it out of the context. these radiation experiments started in the context of a world war, and continued by and large in the context of a cold war, which turned quite hot on occasion. which was characterized by secrecy, which was characterized by fear that these weapons could be used against us. nonetheless, some of the features that came out of these experiments continue to this day. the penchant for large-scale research, for big research, for the idea that if you want to do a big project, that you can get government funding to do huge, big protocols. even smaller scale protocols have a lot to do with the era that this comes out of. the idea of doing studies that go across several different hospitals, for example. people got used to the idea that they ought to be funded to do research. and man

physicist in the 16th century for the idea the earth was circling the sun that's it was night your true irradiate inhabitants but of course, that church did not see it but then went galilean though endorses the suspicions he is forced to recant. but he knew it did he already used his spyglass telescope so we had another sense. >> host: when did copernicus put that very forward? >> guest: "i am legend" just those two were interested in those questions so i imagine that was the small group the church hierarchy would be very interested. >> host: and going back to christopher columbus i try to drive this line how did these discoveries get made? is that the discoveries? >> i would drop columbus but he brings back all the things from the new world than they stimulate curiosity purpose you have people in bosnia that these plants are not here. wire the different? what explains this variety? and to have the advantage of something to pursue you could have a lovely garden. so wealthy people would support botanist all these inquiries is what the book is about from this new material that arouses their curiosi

try some of our highly irradiated cigarette pills.laughter] apparently it turns out when you put two terrible things together, it makes something great. gonorrhea is terrible, but when you mix it in a crock pot with dog vomit, it transforms into a healthy part of any child's breakfast. mmm. mmm. [laughter and applause] that really does look like count dripula. all right. so the governor and his wife accepted a few hundred thousand dollars worth of gifts. you don't have any proof they actually tried to promote this crazy drug. >> the governor set up meetings for mr. williams with top state officials. the governor and first lady hosted an event at the governor's mansion. also appeared to show some interest in encouraging public universities to conduct clinical studies of a chemical found in the supplement. >> jon: and, of course, governor mcdonnell personally pushed through the bill changing virginia's state food to marlboro hot pockets. some solid examples of an apparent quid pro quo. do you have anything weirder? >> on the same day mc

testicle or any of the other several hundred elements, they stay in a little place in your body irradiating a few cells with a high dose. so you don't get a low dose; those cells get a high dose. so from two perspectives, the accident kind of never ends. it doesn't end in your body--maybe one day you might excrete these elements, but you might not-- and that the food chain remains contaminated for hundreds or thousands of years. and we'll start seeing lung cancer and leukemia i think 2 to 5 years from now, and then solid cancers will start appearing 15 to 16, 17 years later. so the ace up the sleeve is--of the nuclear industry is the incubation time for cancer. it takes a long time for cancers to develop once you have inhaled or been exposed to these radioactive elements, and no cancer identifies its origin. and so there is already a level of cancer in society, but it's going to increase dramatically. >> what do people need to know about nuclear power in the united states that they are not being told? >> everything. it just makes me feel nauseated to think that the industry is spending hund

to reroute the money and credit suisse later got in trouble to send out marketing brochures to irradianceved in saudi arabia and into by offering to strip out the persians have the names or with just customer access and they've made billions doing this over years. they started in the '80s with the embargo's. you got to meet him and what was he like? >> he was very smart and very diligent and detail oriented.b9ç he was not a zealot but at one point he acquired the pirates that did not kill people.) but he said the same sort of thing in court to deny being an arms dealer. and only in the sense he was clearly trafficking these items. so although he was smart is capable but not well considered. >> i am not interested with his perspective but most of them say i did not do it loris it is not all my fault to push the blade on somebody else. he said it is not against the law in my country to do this and the american system did not care but why a year during this to be? -- to be? but with my customs but talk about civic let me make 1.that is true he was not breaking any laws he was doing with his

not only are their homes in danger of being irradiated but every possession they own.o igarashi's house is three miles from the plant. his daughter was born there. she turned 20 last week in the shelter. like everyone, they've laid out a few square feet on the floor with no idea how long they'll be here. 1,600 people are in this shelter alone. it's just 20 miles from where the reactor fires are burning. if you believe u.s. experts, that's much too close. >> [speaking japanese] >> igarashi told us he feels that way too. the japanese are, for the moment, balancing between the disaster that has happened and the disaster that awaits. the prime minister told his people they will rebuild japan. but all along the northern coast and in the town of pine tree island, there is a powerful sense that for now, time has stopped. >> eight months after the disaster, thousands were living in temporary housing, and there were few signs of rebuilding. the local town leaders in charge of the reconstruction were moving slowly because they were uncertain of the extent and speed of government

war, and people get irradiated, are they going to be able to function? will a pilot who is flying a plane be able to land the plane? will they be able to fight, would they be able to work? ironically, the people they wanted to do this experiment on were precisely the people who were least likely to derive any benefit from it. we knew that certain kinds of cancer were sensitive to radiation. so