j. d. vance of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops and will do everything he can to help me make america great. again, please take a closer look at the republican vice president in waiting gigi vaughn, who was one subbed as a combat correspondent during the war in iraq, wasn't always pop surprisingly. a fan of trun junction to criticize the republican presidential candidate back in 2016. but late to did a utah admitting that his mind was changed by trump performance in office, solving as a senator, since 2023 von says, a strong opponent of the fight isn't mister ations efforts to keep throwing us taxpayers money i q. i think that it is absurd for us to devote so many resources so much attention and so much time to a border conflict, 6000 miles away. there was in fact, a peace deal on the table approximately 18 months ago. and what happened to it, the by the administration pushed zalinski to set aside the peace agreement and to engage in a disastrous counter offensive. every

j. d. vance of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops and will do everything he can to help me make america great. again. the j. d. vance is now officially trumps, pick for vice president. and he's taking a firm anti war stance when it comes to ukraine, calling any sort of possibility for a strategic breakthrough by key of to be basically an impossibility. so he's again sending more american pat taxpayer dollars into this. i mean grinder this helpless me grinder, that is the ukraine conflict. and he says that congress should really be using that money to secure the border instead. but events has had these positions for really long time, and he's made them more than public across the media as well. let's take it was, i got you thinking was that more focused on this border in ukraine? i don't going to be honest with you. i don't really care what happens to print one way or another on the ukraine's question. in particular. everybody knows everybody with a brain of their head shak

j. d. vance of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops, and we'll do everything he can to help me make america great again. let's take a closer look out. donald trump's new running mate, j. d found says perhaps best known for the non sing trump back in 2016 before his presidential when. but later of the republican party's news, vp, norman, they admitted that he had changed his mind after seeing how transferred while in the oval office, serving as a senator since 2023 j defense as harshly criticized them by the administration's constant support of the ukraine complex i think that it is absurd for us to devote so many resources so much attention and so much time to a border conflict, 6000 miles away. there was in fact, a peace deal on the table approximately 18 months ago. and what happened to it, the by the administration, pushed zalinski to set aside the peace agreement and to engage in a disastrous counter offensive. every single objective observer of ukraine mor acknowledges

j. d. vance of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops and will do everything he can to help me make america great again. while it is an interesting choice, let's take a closer look at donald trump's new running make a phone so you won't serve as a marine. and a rock is perhaps best known for didn't non sing trump back in 2016 before his presidential when. but later, the republican parties, new vp normally admitted that he changed his mind after seeing high trump furred while an office serving us as senator, since 2023. it's defense. as openly criticize the bible administration's cost and support of the ukraine company. i think that it is absurd for us to devote so many resources so much attention and so much time to a border conflict, 6000 miles away. there was in fact, a peace deal on the table approximately 18 months ago. and what happened to it, the by the administration pushed zalinski to set aside the peace agreement and to engage in a disastrous counter offensive. every

j. d. vance of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops, and we'll do everything he can to help me make america great again. all right, where do i buy or to correspond on donald court? a here right in the studio, donald is good to have you drive me now. can you tell us more about that? don't have tons of paper vice president. well j. d vance is now officially trump pick for vice president, and he's taking a firm anti war stance when it comes to ukraine, calling any sort of possibility for a strategic breakthrough by key of to be basically an impossibility. so he's against sending more american pet tax payer dollars into this. i me grinder this hopeless me grinder, that is the ukraine conflict. and he says that congress should really be using that money to secure the border instead. but to describe these positions for a really long time, and he's made them more than the public across the media as well. let's take a listen. you them labor. does it get you thinking? was that more f

j. d. vance of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops, and we'll do everything he can to help me make america great again, please. well, that's a good place to look out, be republican, vice president in waiting. so j dave on to one served as a marine in iraq is probably best known for actually publicly denouncing trump back in 2016. but he, later i made a utah admitting that his mind have been changed by the republicans. what while in office as president solving as a senate since 2023 fonts has openly criticize the by didn't administrations, continual spending of us tax pad funds to key us. i think that it is absurd for us to devote so many resources so much attention and so much time to a border conflict, 6000 miles away. there was in fact, a peace deal on the table approximately 18 months ago. and what happened to it, the by the administration pushed zalinski to set aside the peace agreement and to engage in a disastrous counter offensive. every single objective observer of

meetings in that capacity as president of the senate will be absent because and reported shadowing conflict public and vice presidential candidate. the j d. events will also be a no show hundreds of protest as of gathered near the capital to denounce eas rounds war and garza. i'm to mr. nelson yahoo report, the staffing assignments, talk to me from one of the protest as well. uh nobody here and it's an ever growing number of protesters here, diverse group, not just one organization, but a trove of different organizations with different agendas and topics to protest against. but most of them are calling from a prime minister benjamin that are now a war criminal and they are holding the us government, the body made ministration as conspirators to benjamin to turn yahoo as they call it, wore it gave you guys. uh, so this is people who are, of course, not happy with benjamin tongue, the our taking the podium in the capital in just a couple hours and holding a speech to a law, actually crouch, or a plenum uh, filled with republicans. not so many democrats, lots of them have said they will not attempt. yeah. tell us about the visa visa boycott

j. d values will also be notion is doing out reports of stuff and simon's outside the capital building to act one of the protests against rest. and that's on the, on who's visit. welcome stephanie. what are people that settings well, nobody here, and it's an ever growing number of protesters here, diverse group, not just one organization, but a trove of different organizations with different agendas and topics to protest against. but most of them are calling from a prime minister benjamin that are now a war criminal and they are holding the u. s. government the by an administration. as conspirators to benjamin to turn yahoo as they call it, wore it gave you guys. uh, so this is people who are, of course, not happy with benjamin tongue, the our taking the podium in the capital in just a couple hours and holding a speech to our law, actually crouch, or a plenum uh, filled with republicans. not so many democrats, lots of them have said they will not attempt. yeah. tell us about the visa visa boycotts and the absence is what's going on there. well, democratic party has the for a few weeks now

though, because of vague reported scheduling conflicts, republican vice presidential candidate j d funds will also be a no show. let's bring it in. um, at least i'm list shawnee rezani here with me and reports and stuff in assignments in our washington studio a welcome both. let's start with you a step and why is this visit so controversial? a long courtesy attitude, the us attitude, and that means public attitudes as well as that of the administration has changed towards benjamin netanyahu towards the conduct us rate is really conduct of the war in gaza. i'm, you know, we're nearing, reported by how much lead to how some industry and guys are 40000 victims of the war there. and the u. s. public has grown really wary of those numbers and those pictures we have sort of tie in complete destruction of cities and urban centers in gaza. that is not that the u. s. and the administration does forgot or has forgotten why this all started. of course, the terrorist attack on october 7th, last year by how much into israel killing. a $1200.00 plus is or eighty's, but it is a big, it has become more and m

and i think that he thinks also j d bands because it was ages only 39, that he will continue this trump movement after trump finishes his. his 2nd term lesson j. d vance is a working class. somebody who came up from the, you know, from poverty and became a, became a success. donald trump is somebody that, of course, he didn't come to poverty far from it. but he is somebody who's employed thousands and thousands of workers in the construction trade in the casinos. and so forth. joe biden has and created a single job and his entire tire career with the possible exception of 100 by didn't because he got paid millions of dollars because it was joe biden, son from very smart and ukraine, please. so i think that the american working public, i think the union people i of the working class, i think that they recognize that the, that they trump dance ticket is going to be a very strong tickets for working people, particularly because they want to secure the border that's why he previously said he's strongly oppose sending military aid abroad, particularly to ukraine, because we have our own issu

j. d. vance, of the great state of ohio. as vice president, j. d will continue to fight for our constitution, stand with our troops and will do everything he can to help me make america great. again. the j. d vance is now officially trumps peg for vice president. and he's taking a firm anti war stance when it comes to ukraine, calling any sort of possibility for a strategic breakthrough by key of to be basically an impossibility. so he's again sending more american pat taxpayer dollars into this. i me grinder this helpless me grinder, that is the ukraine conflict. and he says that congress should really be using that money to secure the border instead. but i've had since had these positions for a really long time, and he's made them more than public across the media as well. let's take it was, i got you thinking was that more focused on this border in ukraine? i don't going to be honest with you, i don't really care what happens to you print one way or another on ukraine's question. in particular, everybody knows everybody with a brain of their head sha

j. d bass will be a tremendous addition to the ticket there. he's charlene, either working class credentials, disney, he and his wife, you know, attempting to appeal to i per as you're laying out his people enough. felicia, but you've also got joe biden doing that too. and he said he's sick of billionaires like a most trying to buy election. so, you know, the working class vote appears to be front and center in this election. how are these messages, these essentially the same on both sides? how is it going to resonate with america's but i just want to add one other thing to the 3rd reason. and probably the most important reason that trump shows 80 pounds is that he thought that he would be if there was a need, that he would be a capable and successor president and up. and i think that he thinks also j, the bass, because of his age is only 39 that he will continue. this trump movement after trump finishes his 2nd term list a j. d. vance is a working class. somebody who came up from the, you know, from poverty and became a, became a success. dona

j. d. vance will hold their first joint rally together sunday, saturday evening in the battleground state of michigan lists. >liz>thanks so much still ahead, a presidential historian joins me to talk about the scope of the recent events and how similar incidents have shaped elections past. plus. where does the presidential race itself? stand? cbs news. polling gives us some insight into where voters stand on some key issues. >>>keep these feet are hustlin' for customers. sometimes i'm on my feet for over 16 hours a day. they get real cracked, dry, it's not good. i depend on healthy feet. it's america's #1 selling foot cream for guaranteed relief. if it works for these feet it'll work for yours. also available in o'keeffe's working hands. what happens... when an unstoppable force... meets an immovable raccoon? attack! bark! attack! it's not easy taking out the trash. that's why you need... strength that's anything but ordinary. hefty hefty hefty. we're in a limestone cave, letting extreme residue build up to put finish jet dry to the test. dishwashers are designed to use jet dry to defend aga

j. d., the trump campaign will be doing that on her pic here in a week or so. once you get beyond that, out on the campaign trail that's we start to make those connections i was talking about. when you look at what j. d. was saying in that clip he was saying what he think he should be saying is that the america first vegan is very profamily and we shouldn't apologize for being profamily. does it mean that for those who chose not to or can't for a variety of reasons are not important as well, but families make our country better. they make our communities better. and so we should be encouraging families. >> host:.. who is the harris picked republican strategists are licking their lips about, to be able to do the opposition dump, and who do you think is the harris picked republicans are more concerned about traffic i don'tmo think we're concerned that any of them. the biggest question if i take my partisan hat off and put on my campaign political operative hat, it would seem to be the most since she would pick josh. the governor pennsylvania because she's got a m

will: charlie, great to see you. a busy day with the election 101 days ahead. ainsley: donald trump and j drally in minnesota while the perceptive democratic nominee kamala harris is set to attend a star-studded fundraiser in massachusetts. charlie: new polling reveals close races in key swing states. >> reporter: vice president kamala harris look to add to her $126 million hall since president biden dropped out of the race. while she attends a fundraiser in western massachusetts, jd vance will try to flip estate that has democrats. harris has a 6 point advantage over trump in a northstar state but the race is tighter and senator burrell battleground states which harris and trump are tied in michigan at 49%. harris received higher support than president biden. in pennsylvania trump and harris are locked in a tie at 49%. the state of the race is similar to what was 3 months ago. the president and trump are tied at 40%. trump edges harris by one point. in all these states the economy is the top issue for voters. look at this paul showing 68% choose trump to lead on the economy showing harris

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when job i didn't. now back in washington, after ending his coven, self isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. well here in germany, chancellor or left shots has said it's very possible that us vice president cala harris will win the american presidential election. speaking to reporters in berlin, he said he has met here several times and believes her to be a competent and experienced politician. he made the comments in his annual summer press conference and our political correspondent, anya color was at that press conference. and yet, how has his entire back and forth in the us over the past couple of weeks been viewed by the german government, germany, of course a key ally of the us here in europe to the representatives of the german government. uh well, very careful in the last days how to um, how to um, how to voice uh the view also uh the offer drove by not running again as president and the colleagues sent this press conferenc

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when job i didn't. now back in washington, after ending his coven, self isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. and were now joined by political analyst and deputy editor of the parliament magazine, william glue croft in brussels for more. so william campbell harris's 1st campaign rally of what's already shaping up to be an extraordinary political season. what did you make of that? good morning, michael. good to see you and you know, it was in many ways a very by the book standard campaign event that you would imagine um, despite all of this talk of how 2024 is, you know, the make or break moment for american democracy. she really focused on his bread and butter issues that had been democratic style awards for decades. you know, health care, women's rights, gun control, you know, helping a prosperous middle class these, these talking points that we hear time and again and every presidential cycle. yes . couple of harris talked about

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when joe by didn't now back in washington, after ending his coven, self isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. as with all the months ago until the us presidential election, we as political science as john mark hanson what he expects, the harris campaign to focus on in the coming weeks. well, yes, we're very close to the election, but one of the things we know is that most voters do not pay it very much attention to the election until after labor day. that's kind of the traditional beginning of the campaign season. so we're not really that far under there the, the experience that we're usually in, i think we're going to be hearing a lot of different messages, a lot of very focus messages from a couple of harris in the weeks ahead. and i certainly, she's already signaled that she is going to try to frame this as well as the choice between the prosecutor and the felon. to really put a focus on her record as a

j. d events. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when joe biden, now back in washington, after ending his cove itself, isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. well here in germany, chancellor or life shots and said it's very possible that us vice president cala harris will. in fact, when the american presidential election speaking to reporters in berlin, he said he has meant harris several times and believes are to be a competent and experience politician. made the comments in his annual summer press conference, and here is some of what he had to say to do that for example, to police decide think it's very possible that come on the highway slope when the election comes button talk to use for the american voters decide of c, as in recent decades in which we have striven for good transatlantic cooperation. this will also be the case in the coming decades. like family police officers with appointments, i should give him the mini festival choice. and our polit

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when job i didn't. now back in washington, after ending his coven, self isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president dw, as washington bureau chief municipal as more kind of the harris and the presidential race, the dynamic speeds showcasing her energy and readiness to take on donald trump. as former prosecutor, she drew on her experience dealing with sexual abusers and perhaps those emphasizing her familiarity with. i quote types like former president trump. however, she made it clear that to a campaign is not only about opposing trump, but about fighting for the issues that matter to all americans. she outlines are a vision for a country that supports the middle class, provides health care and ensures dignity and retirement. care is also addressed on control promising to ben assault weapons, once in the white house. her main message is to look towards the future in congress to from smaller, nostalgic make america great. again, slogan, re

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when job i didn't. now back in washington after ending his cove itself, isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president john mark hanson as a political science professor at the university of chicago. i asked him earlier about really pulling pulling, showing harris with an edge on donald trump for the was presidency. we always think what we've seen over the last several weeks is that there was a whitening gap between vice pressure between a president biden and for a president trump uh, in the polls. but if you look carefully at that, it's big, it's not because trump was picking up support, it's because biting was losing support. all right, and what that indicates, i think is that the donald trump campaign is still very, very far from having close the deal with america with the american people. and so yes, i think it's a going to be a very, very close race in the fall. everyone's anticipated from the very beginning that be a very close race and

j. d. vance will hold a campaign rally in grand rapids, michigan. president trump and senator vance first rally after officially accepting the nominations. watch live at 5 p.m. eastern on c-span, c-span now our free mobile video app or online at c-span.org. >> discover the heartbeat of democracy with c-span's voices 2024 as we engage voters nationwide asking, what issues most important to you in this election, and why? >> i am from indiana. the issue most importantly his gun violence. i don't believe that any american citizen should lose their life over gun violence. i really focused on preventing individuals from committing those crimes and trying to figure out a way to bring love and unity back into our community. >> my name is leo. i'm chairman of the nye county republican party in nevada. what is most important issues to us here in nevada at you because the country is inflation. your daughter just isn't going and spending enough at the store store, to fire gas tank or take care of your kids and your family at all. probably the top issue are -- [

j. d. vance will hold a campaign rally in grand rapids, michigan. this will be former president trump and senator vance first first-round after official accepting the nominations. watch live starting 5 p.m. eastern on c-span, c-span now our free mobile video app or online at c-span.org. >> american history tv saturdays on c-span2 exploring the people and events that tell the american story. at 4 p.m. eastern a discussion on native american citizenship and voting rights including a conversation on the 1924 indian citizenship act, the rights of tribal nations and the company history of native american voting rights. at 6 p.m. eastern will tour the fbi experience museum located in fbi headquarters in washington, d.c. featuring to agencies history, exploits of work. at 7 p.m. eastern watch american history tv series historic convention speeches featuring notable remarks by presidential nominees and other political figures from the past several decades. arkansas governor bill clinton accepted his party's nomination at the 1992 democratic national convent

j. d. find some lies will be on him later tonight when he gives his key notes page. one thing you, as a republican, want to hear from j d events tonight. for you, i want to hear his live story and how is life story applies to how he's going to act as a down from spies present and how he will do his best to serve the president and serve the american people to help people who are struggling with his economy and really have lost faith in america's political establishment and find a way for to reconnect with our politics. i think that, you know, what j advance has shown is that you can overcome a lot of challenges and, and, you know, rise to a level that, you know, the american dream, that's all part of the american dream. so yeah, that's, it has got to apply the lessons from his home stories, his life story apply it to, you know, the american people story and, you know, talk a little bit about what america 1st is all about. you know, i think that's the only thing that voters aren't really sure about. they, they, they kind of like the american 1st language, but they're no

j. d. vance will be here momentarily? so were thrilled to have him. night -- can have your attention please. you're going to have to eat and applaud at the same time this morning. last saturday night my wife and i were at a journey concert in atlanta when she received a phone call from her mother that president trump had just been shot. a number of you may know that jonathan cain, the keyboard is rhythm guitars who wrote many of journeys greatest hits is married to paul a white cane who has a pastoral and spiritual advisory role with the president, and with the president's family. joanne and i went backstage and we held hands with jonathan and paula. we prayed for the president. there is no way that i can adequately describe the impact that this woman has had come as a pastor, as an author, as a religious broadcaster, as a friend of the president and soon-to-be president again, , fr 25 years she brought over 10,000 faith leaders into the white house in her role as head of the faith advisory board, faith advisory group to the president. she said differ

j. d dense will now get in to take in his secret service security. obviously had the security as a sent it to, but this now that he's a sitting vice president candidates the so if you're going to get an uptake in that a security that has been consumed by the, by the end of ministration. alright mike, thanks very much for that. my kind of in washington to see the see. let's just stay with the story for a moment longer and speak to adam goodman, enable public and strategist. he's also in washington, washington, d. c. thanks very much for joining us. all to 0, i just wanted to understand a bit and i think many people might have this question regarding j. d events. not long ago. he had described. is this the president um, as a married because hitler a now and this is in response to the most recent events with donald trump, a survive the assassination event and especially an association attempt, excuse me. and in response on x, he posted, i'm calling him courageous united defiance and saying this is leadership. how does that happen? okay, a lot of things

j. d events. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when job i didn't. now back in washington, after ending his coven, self isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. the world health organization says it's extremely worried about a potential polio outbreak and gaza in warren, that traces of the virus had been detected in the territories wastewater. and that the dire sanitation situation could allow it to spread quickly. polio attacks the central nervous system causing paralysis and death in extreme cases. w i chose as a mass vaccination campaign may be needed. let's bring entire discharge adventures of spokes person with the world health organization in geneva . good to have you on the show, tard. now there are no known polio cases among humans as of yet in the gaza strip, but the virus has been found in the sewage system. does that mean that an outbreak could already be under way as well? we have not seen any, any cases of paralysis as, as, as looks now, as you have said, the samples h

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when joe by didn't now back in washington, after ending his coven, self isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. well here in germany, chancellor or left charles, the said it's very possible that vice president come on here is will really when the american presidential election in november speaking to reporters here in berlin . he said he has met harris several times and believes were to be a competent, unexperienced politician. he made the comments in his annual summer press conference, and here's more from the german chancellor to do, for example, to because i think it's very possible that come on the highway slope when the election comes. button doxey is for the american voters to decide of c, as in recent decades, in which we have striven for good transatlantic cooperation. thanks will also be the case in the coming decades. so like family believe, thoughts that the should give them an interest in the cho

j. d. them. but harris will shortly be back in the spotlight on wednesday. that's when joe by didn't now back in washington after ending his cove itself, isolation is due to address the nation on his decision to drop out of the race in favor of his vice president. the world health organization says it's extremely worried about a potential polio outbreak in gaza. it warns that traces of the virus have been detected in the territories wastewater. and that the dire sanitation situation for the language to spread quickly. polio attacks the central nervous system, causing paralysis in death in extreme cases. w h o says a math vaccination campaign. maybe you need jo english is with the united nations that children's agency unicef. earlier he told us how his agency is struggling to prevent the spread of polio and gaza. so we've already begun guest analysis and we will say working with the local communities to make sure that they are aware of the risk and know how to defend. but the reality is, is that we can give people another advice, but when you have 600 people,

the name alongside donald trump on the republican ticket will be j. d funds, recent weeks. so i'm just advancing the, just like play a favor us be satisfied from ohio, used to be a focal critic of donald trump, even quoting human atheists, amongst other things. but he's now fully embrace the mca movement as has been criticized by his response to the troubleshooting, posting on ex, just an hour later. but the central premise of the bite and campaign is a president. donald trump is an old phone tag and fascist who must be stopped. i told costs about rest. rick, is that direct me to president from attempted assassination? well, the w political team is at the milwaukee convention. here's our washington bureau chief in his poll. i'm the choice of j defense for vice president graduates. first of all, really interesting, very few now, and you don't remember now since we are teaching social is a social media platform, it was kind of underwhelming someone expected on something. so coming on stage, maybe this is big, but no, you put it out there on a trip social, but it was interesti

j. d. events as choice for vice president. both will take center stage of the republican national convention in milwaukee where trump has won the parties nomination. also on the program. police in kenya, arrest a man over a series of crews and murderous officials say the suspect and the serial killer has admitted being involved in the desk of 42 women in the last 2 years. and a rapturous welcome for spain's victorious national football team. fence, turn out in hundreds of thousands and madrid to celebrate the 2. 1 wind over england and sundays, euro 2024 finals, the amenities of welcome to the program. donald trump has chosen his running mate for november's presidential election. ohio senator j. the vance is trump's pick for vice presidential candidate. the 39 year old former silicon valley venture capitalist had been a critic of the for president, but has since become a loyal ally. trump made the announcement on his truth social platform as the republican national convention got underway. milwaukee wisconscin. trump described vance as,

d w. i hope that you will tune in the to give it up for germany's orders active d j, the linkedin speech, i feed all the people moving to the music and me influence i, there may not be how i'm enthusiastic. i mean, they get into the aspect to cynthia because of the size of the i have played with the idea of retiring the if it isn't my friend i came to night g l e as a gig on a club boat. wait, i'll try to go. but 1st so, so how does that, how are you man, what's up, but not good to see. you know, i didn't want to drag the big cd players alone. i just have my control and how big are some of the guess either right? by boots and the last one of a kind, your long time fans, we know what a gym. she is a just as a number we. what matters is what you do, right? that's about my little. absolutely. with the mouse as well. i'm on the back end and i would love to be half as fresh and cooler. she is ready for sure. i don't want to be sitting around by myself when i'm 75. only to play around me with other old these once a week. i'm going to be happy if i could still party with my girl image and or if