dubois, and how jackie robinson dubois, and how jackie robinson had broken the baseball barrier.

dubois, and how jackie robinson had broken the baseball barrier. and we remembered the opera singer who was not allowed to sing in the hall and had to sing in lincoln center. all the discrimination and the local in justices. like, everything was separate and unequal. the school was inadequate. we could not go to the hospitals. they built a house adjacent to the main hospital. the white people were not supposed to be in the same room with an n-person. you know the n-word? i said to myself at the end of the day that i love my country and i'm glad that that day, i took a stand. i saw through the supreme court that the flaws that america had tried to correct them by removing those horrible signs -- "white" and "colored." i said when i testified at the trial, i went through how we were treated, and the lady dramatize it, so i do not have to go through that, but it is the whole system of separate but unequal. it is understates rights -- is under states' rights. after lincoln had freed us from slavery, they instituted this law, separate but equal, and the

there are three african-americans playing major-league baseball, jackie robinson, larry dobie and roy campanella. i would argue -- i am a baseball fan but i argue the air force is a little more important national institution than major league baseball. coming out of the war african-americans' forced themselves into this through lobbying campaigns and threatening to march on washington. they forced themselves in and got the opportunity and proved they can do it and they forced the government -- important branches of the government to the side of desegregation. when you think of the civil-rights movement as really beginning before the direct face of the civil-rights movement, direct action against the montgomery bus boycott seven or eight years later. having taken the side of desegregation, that takes years to play itself out but that is important coming out of this experience. if you indulge me i would like to read a short excerpt from our oral histories with a pilot who was an atlanta at native who i got to know pretty well when working for the tuskegee airmen oral history project. i

he went to the top of the empire state building, shook rands with jackie robinson, went down to city hall, up to columbia university. having left new york city, where the policemen who were assigned to protect him because there were all these assassination plots surrounding castro, and these were reported in the press every day, and none turned out to be real but the police didn't know that and castro was completely impossible to protect. he would throw himself into crowds, hugging and kissing people with no concern for his safety. and one afternoon, on a whim, he decided to go to the bronx zoo. the press followed. federal agents followed. the new york city police followed. and castro did what everybody does at the zoo. he ate a hot dog, he fed peanuts to the elephants. rode a miniature electric train, and then before anybody could stop him, he climbed over a protective railing in front of the tiger cages, stuck his fingers through the cage and petted a bengal tiger on the

in between, there were people like jackie robinson, dr. martin luther king jr., and people that i became a part of as second generation and launched out into the air force. there were many people alone the way. during the struggles in my life, there was always somebody there. i identify these people along the way. later the eagles were indeed my late mother and oldest sister and brother and extra neighbor that gave me work or encouraged me. and then there were other people like like the air force that were officers. >> where did you come up with the term" uncaged -- term "uncaged eagle." >> a pastor told about an eagle trapped. in a way, he was speaking to me. i was an eagle in inside, but trapped by my circumstances. i wanted to get free. i took up then that metaphor became dick tolliver. trapped by circumstances. the circumstances weren't the burning desire to fly airplanes. i look that as my way of going forward and how i was going to get going. >> what did your parents do? >> at that time, i was in louisiana. to be candid, my father an

the first black attend january and jackie robinson were announced. and we're trying to locate ms. lena horne. governor ross barnett of mississippi was also listed among the missing prompting boos in the crowd changed to crowd saying he was lost beneath the speakers platform beneath the lincoln memorial. the amplifier introduced teen idol bobby darren and he said he was proud and choked up. a few members of the crowd started walking to the lincoln memorial. they were quickly followed and soon thousands of demonstrators were walking down constitution and independence avenues. they didn't form regular lines or keep a set tempo. they just walked as "the washington post" put it like people who know where they're going but not making a show of it. about 20 minutes after the people had started walking, a voice came over the loud speakers we've lost the leaders delegation. they're hereby instructed to go to the lincoln memorial. would they please sound off? the original plan was for the heads of the major civil rights groups to emerge from morning members meeting with members of the congr

the assistant professor ofo history at fairfield university and the chief historian at theyh jackie robinsonuseum and i to thiswelcome you forum. we're here to discuss manning marable's recent book, "malcom x: a life of reinvention." and its impact on our a life of reinvention and its impact on our appreciation of the life and legacy of this african-american icon. manning parable began his study as a corrective to the influential autobiography of malcolm x which for five decades stood as one of the most important works of african-american literature ever produced. despite its widespread influence and a claim there have always been questions concerning its authenticity. publish nine months after his death the autobiography presents a unique portrait of malcolm's life as a quintessentially american morality tale but also has been at odds with the complex individual many new him to be. in addition the liberal controlled press enjoyed the final draft bags the question what malcolm himself might have excised or included in the book had he lived. when confronted with many of these obvious errors a

i'm williams, an associate professor at fairfield university, and the chief historian at the jackie robinson museum, and i want to welcome you here to the forum. we are here to discuss manning marable's biography on mall malcolm x and the impacts of the life and legacy of this african-american icon. manning marable began the study as a corrective to the highly influential biography of malcolm x standing as one the most important works of african-american literature ever produced. despite its widespread influence and acclaim, there's always been questions concerning its autothen -- authenticity. the autobiography presents a unique portrait of mall come's life as a american morality tale, but it's always been at odds with the complex individual many knew malcolm to be. the liberal control that haley and the press enjoyed over the final draft begs the question what malcolm himself included in the book had he lived. when confronted with the obvious errors in the book, one scholar, the late manning marable, like many asked the question, "how much isn't true? how much hasn't been told?" for more t

i am yohura williams from fairfield university and chief historian at the jackie robinson museum.i want to welcome you to this forum. we are here to discuss manning parable's recent book malcolm x a life of reinvention and its impact on our appreciation of the life and legacy of this african-american icon. manning parable began his study as a corrective to the influential autobiography of malcolm x which for five decades stood as one of the most important works of african-american literature ever produced. despite its widespread influence and a claim there have always been questions concerning its authenticity. publish nine months after his death the autobiography presents a unique portrait of malcolm's life as a quintessentially american morality tale but also has been at odds with the complex individual many new him to be. in addition the liberal controlled press enjoyed the final draft bags the question what malcolm himself might have excised or included in the book had he lived. when confronted with many of these obvious errors and distortions in the book one scholar, manning

ryan heads off to guyana, with the nbc crew, his assistant jackie speier, print reporters time ryderman and charles krause, photographer greg robinsonatives. >> here comes this man into our community. we face them coming in secretly, some of them coming in, that we know of, on a commercial plane. it will be easy to handle. >> the only interest the united states government had in jonestown is americans were being held against their will. which is why i don't understand why jones adopted the only strategy that would bring the united states government to our doorstep. >> they say we are communists. we are degenerates. we are against christ. if we have to kill some of them or provoke them to kill each other, we will do that. they come here with that full knowledge. >> i remember thinking, this is dangerous. i was in the process of purchasing a condominium in arlington at the time and i made the purchase contingent on my surviving the trip. because i didn't want my parents to be saddled with the responsibility if i didn't live. >> i've had no direct response from the peoples temple of any kind so far. none. zero. none. >> it was made ver