. >>> up next, history professor james connolly speaks about immigration and the roots of pluralism in the united states. this one hour and 15-minute class took place at ball state university in indiana. watch more history lectures every saturday at 8:00 pm and midnight eastern and sundays at 1:00 pm. >> all right. on tuesday in class, we looked at the social question in europe. and one of the things we talk about is the ways in which european governments attempted to appease the working classes, reduce social tension. one of the tools they used was mass politics, we talked about. that's also something that's going on in the united states. in the united states, that process takes on a much different context. and the main reason for that is that in the u.s., you have universal white male suffrage by about 18 20. unlike in europe where it is france and the 1870s and other countries later on, in the u.s. you have basically full mass democracy very early on and you have it before most immigrants show up. so, when immigrants begin to be integrated into american society and particularly when