that's the federal aversion which, in fairness, is a reaction to the fascination of president james garfield by a deranged office seeker, a guy seeking a job who is mentally ill and shoots him, and this is one of the political responses. on the municipal and state level, there are other efforts as well. the australian ballot, the secret ballot, right? this is meant to curb political machine influence because if you vote secretly -- if no one knows what you voted, you do not really owe the political boss anything. in the era when there was one box for democrats, one for republicans, if your political boss saw you put your ballot in the wrong box, you were out a turkey at thanksgiving, right? but more seriously, probably a job. at large elections, the machine system was based on a coalition of powerful neighborhood or ward bosses, right? many urban reformers campaigned for at-large elections, so rather than, like, in washington, d.c., we have eight wards, and each of them have members of the city council, at-large elections eliminated those different wards to eliminate that kind of small polit