george mason the sixth begin to correspond with prominent men the new his grandfather, including james madison. madison sympathize with the young man's struggle to gather the papers. he said and wrote of mason's achievements, quote, but highly distinguished as he was, accounts are more scanty than many of his contemporaries. far inferior to them than intellectual powers and in public service. while some have largely dismissed mason as many simple refused to sign the constitution, this is not, in my view, a historically accurate picture of mason. his generosity was unmatched when it came to his family, solicited to his beloved mother while she was still alive, as well to his younger brother and sister. my adulthood he was already -- he had already begun to be a voracious collector of. he cultivated the arts, sciences, and agriculture. and even though he lost his dear wife ann at the age of 39, and is lifelong friendship with george washington over his objections to the constitution, mason believed in the fundamental goodness of life. close study of surviving documents and letters have revealed

james madison expertly come and i give him credit, edited these amendments down to the modern version of the bill of rights but you have to remember nine states have to ratify the convention so each state had their own set of amendments that i believe there were approximately 24 that came out of the virginia ratifying convention that going back to the major concerns, his nature freedom committee for freedom of the press was an absolute fundamental. the >> the access to the extensive family library. is there any indication as to what the political thinkers and philosophers may have impacted his thinking most? >> i have one chapter in the book that is devoted exclusively to death. he read extensively in his uncle's valium that he read all of the english jurors walk and had a major influence montesquieu is what they read the most and it gave him the idea of the separation of powers that there should be three branches of government, but that is by his own colleagues thought that he was the ablest constitutionalist in virginia because he was so well read and verse on all of the bills of ri

so, our guy, james madison, was at the annapolis convention. so madison had already had personal experience in the virginia house of delegates. he had also served as a member of the committee that framed the states first constitution. and at the national level he was in the second continental congress and the confederation congress. so he had a lot of personal experience with the many ways that the government at the national level was failing to get things done. so, madison knows from experience that the unity of the nation has been sorely tested, and over the winter of 1786 into 1787, he will be up here in his library, at his home up the hill, and he'll be doing a lot of research and he's going to be doing research into what has previously worked for other confederacies around the world, what hasn't worked and look into specifically what are the issues at play in the united states. so, what are the specific vices of the political system of the united states, and then he'll start to think about what are some potential solutions to those problems

. >> but by the time george washington dies he is no longer on speaking terms jefferson, james madison and james monroe. that is the third fourth and fifth president of the united states. [laughter] there is a variety of reasons why that happened and there is a personal reason behind the collapse but you get an idea all founding fathers were not friends. >>. >> nowadays presidents leaving office can be less partisan course those who defeated them. and almost all the presidents with a variety of causes. but you suggest leaving office made washington more partisan. >> that's true i do think he did after he left the presidency and have a perception day that is up the partisan feud but he involves himself and congressional engineering and he supported the alien and sedition act those that were associated with the opposition party to be locked up and also favorite excluding members of the opposition party from the new army being formed but this is just so surprising to us if you look back at the farewell address and it says we are all reminded to the political parties but during last years

no when it's a shutdown there isn't any money for these kinds of purposes and remember it was james madison fall of the constitution that the power of the purse is the it's the keep it is the fire wall against abuses the executive branch because you can't do anything without money and now congress has given up the power of the purse to the president. the emoluments clause boy he certainly violated the one 0 yeah i mean he's he's so obviously you want to i want to federal government as a hall inauguration parties run the drum. and for governor the emoluments was basically says for the audience that if the united states a state of the united states or a foreign government provides you some kind of monetary or other benefit and congress hasn't consented then you violated the mall humans class the trump international tell is a walking living. grieving violation of the most humans or. declare war cause yes we now president. is engaged in continuing and expanding 9 presidential wars it is very clear from the very beginning of the constitution that the americans who wrote the document never truste

who succeeded him in office didn't like celebrating at all and those refusing to attend the ball james madison 1796 refusing to adjourn for 30 minutes for washington's birthday but james monroe derided the idea and thomas jefferson that the only birthday he would ever celebrate would be july 4th and of course that is convenient for thomas jefferson also the adoption of the document he had written as the declaration of independence. >> it makes you feel better about today. you discuss the parallels of washington can you discuss any similarities that you can see those parallels? >> it is so interesting because i did not have a farm to go back to. [laughter] but it is a tough question and the reason it so difficult and the reason is because george washington had to go through the struggle that he did so the world's former president it sounds so clichÉ is a testament that he made it normal and to become that figure. >> i am sure you are well aware of that beautiful building having its headquarters and i assume you visited that during the history of washington's final days? >> of course that was co

in a strangely prophetic letter to james madison in 1790, he complained about marshall and said we need to find something better to do with him to get him out of the way. nothing could be better done than to make him a judge. that wish became true much to jefferson's chagrin. the theory would be that william johnson would be an ardent supporter of the jeffersonian approach to things. one small problem, they selected him on the recommendation of the secretary of treasury, his name sent to the senate, confirmed, james madison sent him a letter saying would you accept? a strange pattern in those days. no due diligence was overtaken and they were unaware of the fact that johnson while on the south carolina court authored an opinion which if it had come to light have given at least gastric distress if not apoplexy to thomas jefferson. in that opinion he did two things that were anathema. he recognized the heresy of implied powers and he recognized the constitutionality of the bank of the united states. i refer to william johnson as -- i hate this term but people like to talk about stealth no

and you, i think, cited that james madison was the debt pessimist. and this has me thinking as i'm currently doing my own readings on the formation of the constitution and its ratification thereafter. is it really possible for a debt pessimist to have been a federalist, as then your comment would imply madison was? it seems to me that part of the federalist pitch was, indeed, to offer a structure that could indeed consolidate debt and rescue the states and create a strong national government, but that would imply debt realism. so, perhaps just clarify for my own understanding on that particular point, about debt pessimism and madison. >> so, the question is could madison have been a debt pessimist, because he was also a federalist? and aren't those at odds, logically? well, you know, it's been a while since i studied this period, but i do seem to recall that madison wasn't a federalist all that long. >> no. very brief. >> right. >> but he was doing all of the ratification. >> well, he was, but he was not pushed on the issue of repayments of the debt

james madison 1796 celebrated the representatives refusing to adjourn he thought this was a great feat. and james monroe don't want - - to write of the idea of washington's birthday and thomas jefferson the only one he would celebrate was july 4th so that is can particularly convenient for jefferson because of the document that he had written the declaration of independence. >> that makes you feel a lot better about today. so you discuss thet parallels of washington cincinnatus and george c marshall can you discuss any similarities or mention any other states and those parallels? >> it is so interesting. >> i didn't have a farm to go back to. [laughter] i think there is a modern equivalent of a farm today but that is a tough question. part of that is the reason it is so difficult so many former presidents fall in the morals of americans cincinnatus. the reason that's the case is washington has to go through the struggles that he did and not even to appreciate how revolutionary that the words now sound so clichÉ but it's a testament to what he did he made it normal to become that cincin

james madison sent him a letter saying congratulations. would you accept? a rather strange pattern in those days. no due diligence was undertaken and they were unaware of the fact that johnson while on the south carolina court authored an opinion which if it had come to light would have given at least gastric distress if not down right appoplexy to thomas jefferson. why? because in that opinion he did two things that were anethma. he recognized the heresy and recognized the constitutionality of the bank of the united states. this is why i refer to william johnson as, i hate this term because i don't think there is any truth to it, but people like to talk about stealth nominees. this was our first stealth nominee. gallaton and jefferson thought they put the jeffersonian cat among the federalist canaries. they were going to be greatly disappointed. johnson carved out a record during his tenure on the court of support for virtually all of the main positions embraced by john marshall. this is not because john marshall's legendary persuasive powers. it was becau

similarly james madison would've become the second amendment. it did not make it into the constitution but he brought it back up when the militia act was debated. in terms of the election of donald trump i think there are many factors that go into that i want to begin to try to sort them out for you or evaluate them. >> one thing you said i think it's very powerful to use religious arguments in america. i cite the bible all the time. one of my favorite passages is in the sixth chapter of matthew. he condemns those who pray in public as hypocrites we use this line when we write to government officials who are doing at the national day of prayer for instance. it can be very effective. the rise of christian nationalism is really what you're talking about. the best indicator and predictor of a trump voter in the 2016 election was not political party it was not religion despite how much you care about that. it was not race or racism. it was thinking the united states was founded as a christian nation. that is the best predictor in the 2015 election.

let me read from federalist paper 39, because the defense or the explanation by james madison really gets us clearly grounded in the idea. federalist paper 39, this is what madison says. "the first question that offers itself is whether the general form and aspect of the government be strictly republican. it is evident no other form would be reconciled with the genius of the people of america, with the fundamental principles of the revolution. or with the honorable determination which animates every rotary of freedom. to rest all of our political experiments on the capacity of mankind for self-government. if the plan of the convention be found to depart from the republican character, its advocates must abandon it as the -- as no longer defensible." a strong statement by madison as to how committed the constitution is to the idea that when we say republicanism, what we mean is the government is formed by the people. that the people have direct or indirect control over all of those who serve in the national government. that there would not be hereditary or other ways in which power woul

in the fourth round, they uneitherred charles haley from james madison.nd if that wasn't enough, they also picked kevin fagan, steve wallace, and don griffin in the 1986 draft. >> now the architects back then, john mcvein and copy bill walsh. i asked bill walsh about see meaning his legacy as the seenious in the war room. >> certainly coach when you look back on your legacy and the era of the 49ers, you have to consider that as your best draft. >> i think it was the best draft. maybe the best of all time. just happened to hit a ten strike on virtual every period we picked. i think the first mini-camp we had, the first gathering looked very, very good. we left the draft disoriented, because we had made so many trades during the process. and at one time, john yip mcveigh said to me, bill, you're going to have to start picking players. we keep trading, but we haven't picked a player yet. [ laughter ] >> that set the 49ers super bowl wind up for the next >>> coming up on the cbs evening news tonight, the cdc director warning a second wave of coronavirus in th

the presidency the next time around after jefferson left office would go to another virginian, james madison. so burr got pushed to the side. meanwhile, alexander hamilton had been pushed to the side because he had fallen out with the mainstream and the federalists. so both of these men were in a position where their prospects were not quite living up to their ambitions. and so they got a foul of each other because hamilton had said some very nasty things about burr in one of the political campaigns, and burr asked him to retract, at least either to acknowledge and to corroborate or to retract. and hamilton got stiff-necked about this and said, no, no, you have no business asking me this sort of thing, and one thing led to another and then to that fatal duel in new jersey in 1804. now, hamilton was killed, burr was -- burr was not disgraced by the duel per se. it was really the machinations of thomas jefferson that made very clear that burr had no political future. so burr decided what's he going to do? he's an ambitious man, and he did what generations and generations of ambitious young men

between the lines because i've read just about every word thomas jefferson and john adams and james madison ever wrote, and i think i have a pretty good, pretty clear idea of what they meant by government. they meant a government that, for its sole purpose, is the protection of rights. they meant constitutional government, they meant a constitutional republic. and what is a constitutional republic? it is based on we the people, and we have a constitution that defines, establishes, and limits the powers of government. it means, by definition, because it is constitutional, it means a limited government, a limited constitutional government, a government whose powers are defined by the constitution. and then finally this third truth says that the just powers of government are derived from the consent of the governed. right? now, built into this part of the third truth, all right, obviously is the idea of consent, right? and this comes out of the revolutionary crisis, right? no taxation without representation. no taxation without the consent of the people. so the moral principle of consent is at

james madison was president in 1816 when st. john's opened. and the church decided to offer him a special pew that would be reserved for his use anytime he wanted to come to church. that would be the president's pew. back then, there were actually boxes, and you rented your pew box. and he was able to use his pew box free of charge, and he received that offer and a decision was made to put the president's pew right in the middle of the people, rather than up in front, which was the high status pew boxes. they wanted his pew just to be among all the other people who were here for prayer and worship. and that tradition continued in 1842 when the pups that exist now were installed, that you're all sitting in. in 1842, the president was president tyler. and he personally made sure that the president's pew would be in the exact location where the pew box had been, beginning with madison. and it is a fact that every president beginning with president madison has worshiped in this space at least once. many have become regulars and some have even beco

also thought that anybody who was despised by alexander hamilton, john adams, thomas jefferson, james madison had to be somebody who had something going for him. and so i thought i would try to tell the story. but i would tell the story through the relationship between aaron burr and his daughter. because the story of aaron burr is fairly well known, and i wasn't going to include any revelations on what exactly was burr up to when he traveled out to the west. was he engaged in what thomas jefferson announced to the world, even before an indictment came down, was treason. was he trying to destroy the united states? well, i'm going to tell you that you will not find a definitive answer to that question in my book, because like so many important questions in history, it has no definitive answer. i'm pretty sure that aaron burr himself didn't know exactly what was intended. now here, i'm going to -- i'm going to cite a distinction. you remember several years ago when donald rumsfeld was often lampooned, certainly criticized for drawing distinctions, he was talking about the known knowns and the k

united states were and visioning by that on the far other that actually mean thomas jefferson and james madison they were the ones who opposed the idea of having a central bank and just once it's silver and gold are the main currency in the united states so they wanted this kind of currency that is hard hard to get actually it takes resources to mine you cannot just and then there and they wanted people to be free to call them import them and trade them however they want to. and that's not what alexander hamilton once and that's how we ended up with a central bank in the united states and the dollar and then and you're only 20 percent are you we've got. the story but also i think economists who blame a lot of you like hajek and the whole school of arts going to nominate. friedman to run bar. all talk about that kind of stuff and the vision of a former model and not political that can be controlled by government and is actually in not necessarily centralized because that's kind of a computer science term but it's neutral and cannot be confiscated by the government cannot be censored and is basic

do was place this order for trees and shrubs, which arrived at the white house mere days after james madison became president. 51 different types of plants are on this list, including oak, walnut, ash, and beech trees. we know they were planted as one is jefferson's former assistants wrote to him in 1809, explaining that, sir, if you are at the white house you would know it, for the grounds have become a wilderness of shrubbery and trees. not exactly a wilderness of shrubbery and trees. do any of these trees and shrubs survive today? there is one large oak on the south grounds that might be older than the mansion itself. it is not very likely that most of these early plantings survive. that's because the british burned the white house during the war of 1812, leaving only the charred exterior walls left standing. the best depiction of the aftermath is this painting that shows the scene of utter devastation, and suggests the landscape is just as bad as the mansion. the grounds once again reverted back to a construction site. most of the work was accomplished under madison. thankfully, in 1825,

leicester city's james madison has praised the player's together initiative to raise money... had of the situation brilliantly, and it shows how appreciative footballers are for nhs staff and other key workers. footballers did get a little bit of heat, but we are humans like the rest of us and we want the nhs to have the best chance to fight this. we are appreciated and we are humans at the end of the day, so we came up with the players together scheme, andi with the players together scheme, and i think we will see the rewards of it. england rugby league star callu m of it. england rugby league star callum watkins has left new zealand and is returning home to be with his father who has contracted coronavirus. hejoins the father who has contracted coronavirus. he joins the side last june and has been released from his contract. and that is all the support from us now. next on bbc news, it is hard to talk with former prime minister gordon

though is place this order for trees and shrubs which arrived at the white house mere days after james madison became president. 51 different types of plants are on this list including oak, walnut, elm, ash, and beech trees. wane also know that these trees were indeed planted as one of jefferson's assistants wrote saying if you were at the white house, you would scarcely know it for the grounds have become wilderness of shrubbery and trees. not exactly a wilderness of shrubbery and trees. so do any of these early trees or shrubs still survive today? it's possible. there is particularly one large oak on the south grounds that might even be older than the mansion itself. but it's not very likely that most of these early plantings survived. and that's because the british burned the white house during the war of 1812. leaving only the charred exterior walls left standing. and the best depiction of the aftermath is this painting and it shows a scene of utter devastation and suggests the landscape faired just as bad as the mansion. moreover, during the rebuilding of the white house, the grounds once

he did place this order for tree and shrubs which arrived at the white house days after james madison became president. 51 different types of plants around this list including oak, elm, ash and beach trees. we also know these trees were indeed planted as one of jefferson's former assistants wrote to him in 1809. not exactly a wilderness of shrubs and trees. do any of these shrubs and trees survive today? it's possible. there's particularly one large oak on the south grounds that might be even older than the mansion itself, but it's not very likely most of these early plantings survived and that's because the british burned the white house during the war of 1812 leaving only the clarrharr exterior walls remaining. thankfully in 1825 another plant loving president moved in. john quincy adams had harbored a lifelong interest in botany and ho horticulture. this all changed when he came to the white house and established a tree nursy inside a home wood paling fence, and that's what we see here in the foreground of the image. all told adams grew more than 700 samplings. an oak tree survived

weathers montpelier, james madison's -- whether it is montpelier, james madison, you go to fredericksburg in , washington, it is still a great state to do presidential history, whether you are studying the american revolution or the civil war, turn-of-the-century, woodrow wilson's home in staunton virginia. it is really an extraordinary state. and this is the anchor of virginiarical state of it is the crown jewel of what , virginia does. do you want to wrap it up? susan: i would love to. i look to thank you and all our colleagues at c-span for being here tonight. you have been a terrific audience, and thanks to the staff and management here at the mount vernon and the mount vernon ladies association. what better place could be start presidentsion about that here at george washington's home. thank you for allowing us to be here with this great audience tonight. brian: and thanks to these three folks for all that they do. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption conten

you could go off to princeton like james madison but if you go in virginia will you marry is your only option. there are no universities to the south to go to. until after the revolution. "as long as they stay on the mountain which would later be monticello he lives on a plantation. as long as they stay on the mountain my time is inevitable from companies coming here to detain me from school his social life is too rich if he stays there and he's trying to justify to the executor he will learn more if he goes away to school. he is an unusual young man the first and probably the last two claim he will party less if he goes off to college. it turns out he does get into some hijinks but in the end he is about the most studious person to ever go to the college of william and mary. eighteen oh eight looking back he is writing to her grandson to the grandsons education and he says he credits education from saving him. and if he had not been saved then he would become worthless to society so this is the mixed feelings or virginians he thinks of them as gregariou gregarious, sociable, generous

. >> let's dig deeper into the divide with director of the james madison program in american ideals and institutions professor robert george, good to have you back. let's talk about the comment from governor cuomo, peter hansen responded that statement by the governor saying you want to go to work to take a job as an essential worker, so that he's telling out of work people that is their own fault they are out of work, and economic hardship tried to increase us suicide rates in rural areas linked to an la times article, seems like this should be a good time for empathy for all of us but it does seem to be in some quarters in short supply. >> we are all in this together and we are all going to be required to make sacrifices, we have already been making sacrifices and it is very important that we be more generous with each other, a bit more gracious, a bit more understanding, a bit more forbearing and important for politicians whether it is the president of the united states, the governor of new york, important for politicians not to be condescending or come across as condescending. impor

. >> let's take a little deeper into the divide with the director of the james madison program and american ideals and institution at princeton university. professor robert george, good to have you back. >> thank you for inviting me on. >> shannon: let's talk about the comment from governor cuomo. peter hassan tweeting, "you want to go to work, take a job as an essential worker. it sure sounds like he's telling out of work people with their own fault and they are out of work. economic hardship tied to increase in u.s. suicide rates, especially in rural areas." it seems like there should be a good time for empathy for all of us across the divide. it does seem to be in short supply. >> we are all in this together and we are all going to be required to make sacrifices. we already have been making sacrifices. it's very important that we be a bit more generous with each other, a bit more gracious, understanding, forbearing. it's important for politicians. whether it's the president of the united states or the governor of new york. it's important for politicians not to be condescending. it's very

james madison got reelected, and then when washington, d.c., burned in 1814, we held midterm elections. there's something about the american spirit that's can do and the belief that we'll solve this and stamp out this virus. i mean, we have to think that, you know, don, jimmy carter left his presidency and devoted it to trying to eradicate diseases around the world in africa with guinea worm and river blindness, and you know, it's just that we've got to put that carter and fdr spirit with us the best we can right now. >> carter did it. bush did it with aids, so did president clinton did it, he did it with the clinton foundation, but can we do that when we have -- we don't have an fdr type figure in the -- can we do it with the figure we have now in the white house? is this something that the american people will do despite the leader or in spite of the leader? >> yourn know, i've been gettin don, a lot of people this is sort of -- trump's going to take the election and there won't be an election or it will be postponed. there will not be a postponement, and if there is, it's congress t

hoover is one of those very rare presidents -- william howard taft comes to mind, a sort of quasi-james madisones to mind. people who are almost too rational, too cerebral, who don't have in their dna whatever that political gene is that enables a lyndon johnson, in the most extreme example, to thrive. brian: what were the circumstances in 1932? did he run again and what happened? richard: he ran again, was nominated by a wish list republican convention. something we haven't mentioned is the prohibition, another issue that complicated life, particularly for the republicans, because by and large, they had a lot of rural supporters. the republican party was split on the issue of prohibition. hoover, again, cosmopolitan figure who did not mind taking a drink, but who was sworn, unlike warren harding, to enforce the law. and in 1932, he was on the unpopular side of the issue. by 1932, there were a lot of people, including the regional supporters of prohibition, who concluded that in many ways this experiment had backfired. he was carrying that weight. he had the depression. [laughter] i mean, he ha

alexander hamilton, thomas jefferson, james madison. they gave me the power. i don't need the president of the united states to read the constitution. maybe he should have read the constitution before he said he had the power to open the states. he did a graceful 180 and many people allowed him to do the graceful 180. but he now says it's up to the governors which he said repeatedly now. and now it's up to the governors to reopen. okay. i'm going to reopen. i get it. and you don't want to help on testing which is a national problem. and replicates the same chaos you created with medical supplies because fema wasn't ready. by the way, i needed a stockpile? where was your stockpile? 10,000 ventilators for the nation? that was your stockpile? were your projections the federal projections said they would need double the hospital capacity of this nation. think about that. the cdc says double the hospital capacity of the nation. the minimum projection was 2.4 million hospital beds. you know how many hospital beds we have in this nation? 900,000. his projection says

you could read people like james madison, a little bit of thomas jefferson.very once in a while, you would pick up worries about luxury and self-government not being compatible with each other. luxuriousand us -- ness, laziness which bred complacency. you cease to be interested in the way the world works. you cease to be interested in how things are happening. i know you cannot imagine this all. we need a new frontier because that frontier is why we are who we are. got it? if you know cultural history frontier,ase, a new rings through american history like a bell. john kennedy used it at some point and got a lot of traction, we need a new frontier. you don't have to be specific what it is. we need a frontier, where? i don't know, alaska maybe. nobody has gone to alaska yet. bears, the there are frontier. space, the final frontier. the human heart, the depths of the ocean, we need a frontier, why? that is what shapes us. that is what shapes us. right? that is what he is saying. this sort of forces our hand, right? if i am right about this, you have got to look

thomas jefferson and james madison who he characterized as egg suggesting dogs caught breaking up hens nests. as joseph henry, one of his riflemen on served, where he became attached, oehe was affectionate. that kindness was combined by this passion for order and discipline which is vest captured in a letter that james jackson of georgia wrote to morgan recalling the aftermath of the battle of cow pens. morgan had placed it under guard. the sergeant refused to give jackson any liquor. he wasn't going to trust a militia officer. jackson and the sergeant quarrelled. morgan arrived so angry that i thought you would strike me. you got that one right, james. when jackson explained his intent, you made the sergeant apologize to me on his knees. it's a very morgan anecdote. make of it what you will. to use the modern term of which morgan might approve, morgan was a deeply authentic person. he was in some ways a protoe-romantic hero. he was not a mr. darcy. he had passion aplenty. they were ultimately directed towards the right objects. you should notice in 18th century scoundrels are very pop

sort of quasi-james madison comes to mind. people who are, again, almost too rationale, too cerebral. who don't have, in their dna, whatever that political gene is that enables a lyndon johnson in the most extreme example, to thrive. >> what were the circumstances in 1932? did he run again? and what happened? >> he ran again. was nominated by a listless republican convention. one thing we haven't mentioned, of course, is prohibition. another issue that complicated life, particularly for the republicans, because by law, they had a lot of rural supporters. the republican party was split on the issue of prohibition. hoover, again, a cosmopolitan figure who didn't mind taking a drink, but who was sworn, unlike warren harding, to enforce the law. and in 1932, he was on the unpopular side of the issue. i think by 1932, there were a lot of people, including regional supporters of prohibition, that concluded that this experiment had not worked. and that in many ways, it had backfired. so you had he was carrying that dead wait. he had