jane jacobs, one of the leading lights in city planning. you cannot get through your first year of city planning school without reading jane jacobs life and death of great american cities. all right. we also have here maybe somebody recognizes, betty fredan. the single most important book most people would say of second wing feminism published in 1963. nobody is going to recognize hel helen levit, but what these women have in common is that all of them were depending on which one you mean, at least skeptical or outright hostile to the suburbanization trend that the automobile is connected with. jane jacobs was a defender of urban density and said cities are dense places. we don't need to suburbanize everything. what makes cities thrive is pedestrians. what makes cities thrive is dead city. if we try to make a suburb out of the city, we ruin all that. that's what made the book the single most significant work in american city planning. most city planners would agree that's true. feminine mystique, she's writing a 1963, the housewife located

remember jane jacobs. the planners of her day, which included the highway engineers, she saw as people who were ravaging the cities. helen levitt put it this way. it was a mixed story at best, and the same could be said about the role of the automobile and the american city from the point of view of african-americans. overtown were nicknamed the over -- the residences were all black. it was a thriving community. i want to show you an old picture because this is over town in the mid 60s. there's nothing left. acres in every direction has been totally destroyed to make room for the southern end of interstate 95. this does not to me make a case for the interstate highways or cars in general having been a tool of civil rights. it is definitely true that without the car they could not have successfully organized the montgomery bus boycott of 1945. clearly, the story is more complicated than that. overtown is a case in point. you could look at almost any american city and reach the same conclusion. this is a sig