jennifer, you heard what kristen said right there. senator graham did not want to testify. this judge now essentially saying what you did goes well beyond the scope of your legislative duties as a senator. so what's the significance of what the judge said today? >> well, the significance is, of course that lindsey graham will have to testify, even though he didn't want to, due to his loyalty to trump. and possibly his concern about his own culpability. but it's a good precedent. you know, you have president trump claiming, kind of a blanket executive privilege. you have now lindsey graham declaring a blanket speech and debate to right to temperature. the judge is saying, no, that goes way too far, you just can't have a get out of jail card with the speech. and even though it's important even though it's not binding on other judges across the country as these go through the courts we may see more of these claims so it's good to get it shut down. of course, lindsey graham will be now testifying so investigators will have the benefit of his testimony assuming he doesn't assert