purpose, and the bad purpose was politics, as paul alluded to they are saying there is no partisan jerry mandering claim out there, not withstanding paul's efforts to the contrary, andy was saying it was a defense to a short challenge. if you come in saying i didn't create this black district because of race, i created it because of politics which is the case because it helps republicans in adjacent districts, that is not good. so paul is arguing that politics have nothing to do with it and race have everything to do with it. while litigants in some cases, including one of mine they might take, argue it is all politics and no race. i don't think the shelby county argument has any legs. they will judge a legislatures interest in terms of the interest that would confront the legislature when they enacted the law. not pretent they can be put in a time machine and figure out shelby county would be reversed. the other part i like about paul's argument is they are taking a good approach to section five pre-clearance. you could saw they didn't need the underpopulate to get the section-5 preclearance. you