famous in jewish history. and we talk about the different kind of leisure activities that people were doing in the 1950's in the postwar period. from going on vacation -- the catskills were to a mountain area in upstate new york that became a popular with artists in the 19th century, and with vacationers later on looking to get out of the city. a lot of the hotels up there were restricted. they would not excepted used to register at the hotels, so jews started to build their own hotels, including this famous thesic hotels like concordat and others. their clientele were jewish, they would have kosher menus, and offered high holiday services in the fall. one of the results of people moving out to these suburbs is they were not such tightknit jewish communities anymore. a lot of jewish people in the suburbs started to build ways to help their children remain jewish, to help support jewish tradition in their children, and meet other jews in their communities where they had a lot of christian neighbors and were min

along with jewish schools or jewish supplemental schools, a lot of kids sent their kids to jewish summer camp in the summer. win.uding camp sedge wheng this time period, people were thinking about how to teach the children, they started thinking about more innovative ways to teach kids. diana foreman, you see her in that picture with her two children decided that one way to teach children about the bible would be to create toys that told the bible stories, so kids could act out the stories. she did a lot of research into costume in the biblical period, and she started making her own dolls. she made hundreds and hundreds of them and brought them to school and taught kids about survival. she eventually opened a commercial business, the american bible tall company companyld -- bible doll which sold dolls to the 1970's and eventually a collection of to thisble dolls came museum in the 1980's that came directly from diana, which she had made. in the 1960's and the 1970's was the time of the great social fomenting of different ideas. we look at jewish involvement in the civil rights movement.

so how do we within our jewish community understand that complexity when it comes to our jewish community and then how the federation goes about its work? >> great question. even though we were always diverse as a community we are so much more diverse now as a community in the way that we identify, practice, and affiliate. we as a federation have said that the goal we would like to pursue for and with the community is to double engagement of jews in the community. that raises the questions you identified. what is engagement? how do we define it? is itself defined? is it defined by somebody else? what is meaningful? all of these questions are ones we will bring our partners around the table to answer as we pursue this goal. >> can you talk about what we might think of the values base behind the organizational structure? we have civic organizations like the united way. we have faith-based organizations like catholic charities, episcopal services and in some ways they're secular organizations that kind of function as a community chest and think tank and offer services to meet the needs of th

the jewish colonists in brazil had to leave. most colonists had already left from these 23 boarded a ship called the saint katrina and came to north america. this is the earliest known record of their arrival. it is a dutch record dated september 7, 1654. it refers to the 23 original jewish permanent settlers. there had been other jews here prior to the people that they were not people who stayed and build a community. the settlers arrived in new amsterdam where they quickly became part of the local fabric of the community, setting of organizations like synagogues and other organizations that make them the community of people who stay in new york and new amsterdam. one was named asser levy. he became part of that original jewish community there. new amsterdam was not a very from the place for jews in 1654. -- friendly place for jews in the governor did not want the 1654. jews there. but they were allowed to stay. asser levi became -- to fight -- became a champion for jews in the new colony, fighting for the rights of the citizen

and this was a very frightening time for jewish for jewish people, many of whom had been involved in communism in the period before in the urban neighborhoods. a lot of ideas were percolating about how to improve america, how to make things work well for everybody. and communism was one of those ideas that people had. one of the big news stories at the time was the trial of julius and ethel rosenberg who were a jewish couple. we know now that julius was -- we're not sure of ethel's involvement in the plot, but they were executed. at the time, people didn't necessarily believe they were spies, but they were anti-semitic and certainly there were anti-semitic aspects to the way that americans were reacted to their trial. you hear about the hundred black list, and it was a real thing. this is a book called red channels. it was written and published in 1950. if you open up the book, you'll see all kinds of famous names of very well known people, and it goes through and it lists everything that they did that was considered unamerican. this is the summons for screen writer alba bessie to co

this is around the time when some of the first jewish federations of jewish charities get founded. a popular time for these balls is a holiday of purin which is focused on charity. we have a few ar fi tacts related to purim balls. the charities could include hospitals to orphanages to support for the immigrants who are starting to come over in greater numbers from eastern europe. each floor in our building ends with a time line. we wanted to give people an idea of when things happened in relation to other things. so our time line has three levels. american history, american jewish history, and world history. some of these events are cover ed on the floor we just left, others are not, like the building of taj mahal. i was surprised to learn that the taj mahal was completed only 11 years before the first 23 jewish refugees came here to our shores. it's a nice way to orient people to review what we've just seen and see how it fits in with other things we know about. my title is jeff rerj star and associate curator my main focus is our artifact collection. i oversee its preservation an

jewish tradition. which i thought was utterly brilliant. that was a state of the art, careful speech on israel by a guy to me -- i think it was even more impressive than you guys thought, but for a different reason. because it was very carefully considered. now, that's the bigger challenge for donald trump who's now going to come out and take his plasterer's trowel and do whatever he's going to do by way of an obvious semi pander. as you said, the list of people he announced today who are on his foreign policy team are not neo conservatives. there's not a neocon in that list that trump released earlier. but he's going to compensate that with talking about his son-in-law who's jewish and the fact that his daughter converted to judah im, not equating them on a one-to-one basis with hardline 100 support of israel and the fact that they're jewish is an insult. kasich was smart enough not to do that. let's see if trump is. >> howard, i'm chastened by the excellence -- i'm not pandering to you at all, i'll t

this is around the time when some of the first jewish federations of jewish charities get founded.opular time for these balls is a holiday of purin which is focused on charity. we have a few ar fi tacts related to purim balls. the charities could include hospitals to orphanages to support for the immigrants who are starting to come over in greater numbers from eastern europe. each floor in our building ends with a time line. we wanted to give people an idea of when things happened in relation to other things. so our time line has three levels. american history, american jewish history, and world history. some of these events are cover ed on the floor we just left, others are not, like the building of taj mahal. i was surprised to learn that the taj mahal was completed only 11 years before the first 23 jewish refugees came here to our shores. it's a nice way to orient people to review what we've just seen and see how it fits in with other things we know about. my title is jeff rerj star and associate curator my main focus is our artifact collection. i oversee its preservation and se

as a jewish state.rs, applause] i love the people in this room. i love israel. i love israel. i've been with israel so long in terms of i've received some of my greatest honors from israel, my father before me, incredible. my daughter, ivanka, is about to have a beautiful jewish baby. [cheers, applause] in fact, it could be happening right now, which would be very nice as far as i'm concerned. [laughter] so i want to thank you very much. this has been a truly great honor. thank you, everybody. thank you. thank you very much. ♪ >> more now from aipac with senator ted cruz. he talks about the importance of having israel as a u.s. ally in the middle east, and democracy in the region. this is 25 minutes. ♪ [applause] cruz: god bless aipac. i'm thrilled to be with you here today and let me say at the outset, perhaps to the surprise of a previous speaker, palestine has not existed since 1948. on wednesday night of this week, in synagogues across the world, jewish people will read the megillah, which tells the

are we dealing with a jewish people or jewish religion? what is zionism? what is left of zionism books many times i ask if i'm signed. i said i don't know what it is. it means occupation, i am anti-zionist obviously like many men of conscious of the world should be. but what does it mean to be jewish, that israel, the extreme jewish are not the majority of israel that they are the only active group in the society. and when the mainstream is busy with having, by new jeeps, the extremes are the only ones who are ready to sacrifice something. and then you get what you get. by the end of the day this can be changed and i don't comment many times people speak about jewish values and other things that i never understood what does it mean. i know what it means global, universal values. i don't know what does it mean jewish values. and if jewish values is a state of israel today, so it has nothing to do with morality. so in any case how will it live together? we have to change basic, basic beliefs. nothing will move without changing those very, very basic beliefs.

with the idea of a jewish state in the need to preserve jewish state in israel.and david brooks said he gets glassy eye when he thinks that israel. and roger cohen says end with that occupation openly a zionist that is a good thing with his it here is to the ideology. and senator krug mitt is the liberal's zionist but never expresses it and says as little as possible you would think winning a nobel prize gives freedom but that demonstrates the principle the higher you get the less freedom you have. i am leaving that to other columnists out of this list because while fried bin began his career as a supporter in the suburbs of minneapolis, one of the principles of the conference is that people can change. and i sense that friedman has fallen away from the ideology that congress is bought and paid for. and then to brand as he anti-semite. and that was produced by and then other than netanyahu. openly speaking of right wing jewish influence. and that is the heart of what i have understood journalism to be. and what is new and true and important. but serving in the mi

you can't go outside with a kippah or a sign you are jewish. am afraid to go in the street with my kids with their kippah on the head. my children haven't a future in paris. >> orthodox jews are just as visible as muslims on london's streets. the capital has a reputation for tolerance. and many french expats are attracted by the melting pot lifestyle. israeli-born moto carmelli's kosher cheese cake is a big seller in the mainly jewish area of golders green. >> the french have good patisserie, i know, but the french people say it is very nice here, give me compliment. we know what is going on in france. a lot of them come here, a lot go to israel. >> religious service on friday evening, the jewish sabbath. worshippers have their bags checked before entering the synagogue. security in central london is a serious issue. the jewish community here in st. john's wood is making a big effort to welcome newcomers. this year, they've arranged for the service to be held in english, hebrew and french. that makes service-goers like david feel at home. >> we

are we dealing with a jewish people or the jewish religion? what is zionism?entists i tell me define what it is that i don't know what it means. like any minute of conscious in the world. but what does it mean to be jewish today in israel? the extreme jewish are not the majority in israel but they are the only active group in the society. and when the mainstream is busy with having sushi and buying new jeeps, the extremists are the only ones who are ready to sacrifice something. and then you get what you get. by the end of the day, this can be changed, and i don't, many times people speak about jewish values and other things that i never understood what does it mean. i know what it means global, universal values. i don't know what it means a jewish values. and if jewish values is the state of israel today, so it has nothing to do with morality. so in any case how will it live together? look, we have to change basic of basic beliefs. nothing to move without changing those very, very basic beliefs. and this, you know, someone has to lead it and but does anyone e

>> no, at this point israel in terms of jewish values and what i've been reading in jewish papers, they are upset about donald trump, the idea that donald trump is the one that's daring to come in here. eric was talking about how bernie sanders hasn't shown up? is dofrn ald trump going to show up? he close to show up, much to his credit in my opinion, and he shows up today, it's not only the walkouts that you heard eric talking about that's going to happen. i think there are people who will then immediately say, well, isn't this the guy who was slow to say no to the kkk? isn't this the guy who had people raising their hands at rallies, he talks about justice -- >> well, i don't think -- >> despite the palestinian situation, where he said i'm going to be a 50/50 broker, that's how you do the best deals possible. that's how we get to it. i don't think you have an anti-israel background when it comes to donald trump. i found it interesting, she chose to put donald trump as her opponent. that's being hashed out on the republican side. she elevated him to say, that's the problem. i have a pr

so the jewish colonists in brazil had to leave.st colonists had already left when these 23 boarded a ship and came to north america. this is the earliest known record of their arrival here. it refers to these 23 original jewish permanent settlers. there had been other jews here prior to these people, but they were not people who stayed and built a community. these settlers arrived in new amsterdam where they quickly became part of the local fabric of the community, setting up organizations like a synagogue and other organizations that make them a community of people who stayed in new york and new amsterdam. one of these people was named asur levy. he became part of that original jewish community there. new amsterdam was not a very friendly place for jews in 1654. the governor of new amsterdam didn't really want the jews there, but they were allowed to stay and levy became a champion for jews in the new colony, fighting for their right to serve in the militia and be full citizens of the colony. historians believe that levy kept a ko

and vitality of the jewish people.his legacy is one that i will not only honor in my administration, but will take active steps to strengthen and expand. i want you all to know something very special to me, because it was at a ceremony recognizing the holocaust that as governor, i proposed that we build a permanent memorial, so that people and particularly our young people could understand the history and the lesson of man's inhumanity to man and the incredible suffering visited upon the jews across the globe. i work with such prominent ohioans as the rapners, the wexners, and many other members of the jewish community over three years to make it happen. they told me it could not be done, and i said, you watch me. we will build a moisture. the memorial finally was designed by daniel leafskin and it was the first of its kind in the nation. and you all please come to columbus and look at it. it is just beautiful. but i want to tell you that a very good friend of mine, victor goodman, a prominent member of the jewish comm

[cheers and applause] as a newcomer to politics but not the jewish state. [applause] in 2001 after the attacks on your city washington and frankly the attacks on all of us that perpetrated as they were by the islamic fundamentalist, mayor giuliani visited israel to show solidarity with the victims because i backed the initiative for israel 100%. [cheers and applause] in spring 2004 at the height of the violence on the gaza strip within solicitude israel the largest single gathering in support of the jewish state. [applause] it was a very dangerous time for israel and frankly anyone supporting israel israel, many people turn down the honor. i did not i took the risk and i am glad that i did. [applause] but i did not come here tonight to pander about israel that is what politicians do. all talk no action. believe me. [applause] i came here to speak about the future of american relations with our strategic ally in our cultural brother the only democracy in the middle east of the state of israel. [cheers and applause] my number one priority is to dismantle the

he is now seen as a threat to the jewish religious order. >> james was the face of early jewish christianitythe authorities are going to take out on him whatever they had heard about the revolutionary beliefs about the followers of jesus. at that point, the jewish authorities knew that they couldn't control this. >> in spite of james' good behavior, they still associated him with that troublemaker jesus that had been crucified back in the early 30s. >> james is arrested on the orders of the same jewish priesthood who only three decades earlier had condemned his brother jesus to death. my office needs new laptops at a great price. well, staples has low prices and a price match guarantee. i took a body language class once and the way you're standing could mean you're hiding something. oh! uh, staples has low prices. okay, now you're shouting... [laughing] we can hear ya! the lowest price. every time. staples. make more happen. i am benedict arnold, the infamous traitor. and i know a thing or two about trading. so i trade with e*trade, where true traders trade on a trademarked trade platform th

as a jewish state. and applause] mr. trump: i love the people in this room. i love israel. i love israel. i have been with israel for so long in terms of i received some of my greatest honors from israel. my father before me. my daughter is about to have a beautiful jewish baby. [cheers and applause] mr. trump: in fact, it could be happening right now which is very nice as far as i am concerned. thank you all, thank you. thank you all very much. ♪ >> from the next "washington journal," representative marsha blackburn on the president's trip to cuba. her words on the selected investigative committee on infant lies and women's history month. then, more of the president's cuba trip with joe connelly, a member of the government reform committee. he will also talk about the new democrat coalition, promoting a centrist, domestic agenda. "washington journal" is live every morning at the clock a.m. eastern on c-span, and you can join the conversation with your calls and comments on facebook and twitter. >> comi

so i brought in the jewish piece. i'm one of the american jews who is in this, in the conference today and -- and in my capacity i would just have to acknowledge that, you know, zoinism comes out of the jewish community, it's -- it was an answer to two jewish persecution in europe and was embraced by the world or the western world, the colonial world of the solution of the jewish question of europe. and now that -- and one jews to it side through 40's, 50's and 60's, now what we are seeing because of the -- we'll just -- the unending 50-year occupation, we are seeing even inside the jewish community some questioning of this ideology. and i think that if bernie sanders says there is a war for the soul of islam and, you know, america has to help islam in that respect, there's also a war for the soul of jewdism. jews of my generation are working in great number to the extent that the jewish community embrace the ideology and marry the ideology and saw it as deliverance ideology. that's something that's becoming undone am

as a jewish state! cheers and applause] mr. trump: i love the people in this room. i love israel. i love israel. i have been with israel -- i received some of my greatest honors from israel. my father before me, incredible. my daughter is about to have a beautiful jewish baby. cheers and applause] mr. trump: in fact, it could be happening right now, which would be very nice. i thank you very much. this has been a truly great honor. thank you, everybody. thank you very much. cheers and applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by tional captioning institute] >> republican presidential candidate senator cruz delivered remarks on the relationship between the united states and israel during an address at the 2016 conference. much of his speech focused on the strategic importance of israel. e spoke for about a half hour. senator cruz: god bless aipac. i'm thrilled to be here with you today and let me say at the outset perhaps to the surprise of the previous spea

i come from this big guy italian jewish family.rusalem. you see up plays for people stand up and ready see nothing is wrong and that is why i support israel. ♪ it was during the second week i was folding laundry and auntie i saw it that i got a phone call. he was in the center to the left and to the right people were incinerated. his leg was ripped open they took shrapnel out of the body. it was months of rehabilitation and i remember. i would watch him work hard. how important was it i literally could not sleep that night and tell i got involved with aipac because there i felt i was able to help in ways that could matter. it is a natural extension. end if it is the same thing. i can communicate my love for israel and also the need for the support of israel. you'll have to be republican or a democrat but bipartisan behalf wonderful people who work together to make sure those that we've felt under state and our issues. and to support these politicians. it is important it is great to go out there. and i truly believe and that is why

i applaud our continued support for the jewish state and the vitality and struggle of the jewish peoplethis is something i will honor in my administration and will take steps to strengthen and expand. [applause] i want you all to know something special to me it was at a ceremony recognizing the holocaust that as governor i proposed me build a permanent memorial so our young people could understand the history and the lesson of man's inhumanity to man and the incredible suffering visited upon the jews across the globe. i worked with such prominent members of the jewish community over three years to make it happen. they told me it could not be done, and i said you watch me. we'll build a memorial. the memorial finally was finally designed, and it was the first of its kind in the nation. and you all please come to columbus and look at it. it's just beautiful. but i want to tell you a very good friend of mine, victor goodman, a prominent member of the jewish community in ohio asked me to take him over to look at the memorial before it was unveiled. we walked over behind the tarp. i had my a

jewish life in paris is increasingly restricted to a few streets in the city's famous jewish quarter, marais. clara halter also lives here, though she can no longer leave her apartment. the wall for peace was her crowning achievement. the designs have pride of place in her home. >> this monument is a symbol for peace. the calligraphy is very beautiful and it's touching. i can't understand why people can't see that. reporter: we go back to the wall for peace and ask, where's the outcry? is this monument important to anyone? >> it stands for france, for peace. even if we have different religions, we're all brothers. reporter: local residents have taken the matter into their own hands. one of them, bernard ronsin, says the wall for peace has a place, but not here. bernard ronsin: the wall for peace destroys this world-famous perspective which goes from the hill of chaillot to the ecole militaire. if people are throwing stones at this structure, then maybe it is because it's in the wrong spot. it could be just vandalism, but perhaps an act of protest, too. reporter: we ask him whether the

he has pand erd in a way that has offended jewish-americans. he has not been consistent with his positions. the speech was a cut-and-paste job that was largely not devoid of the slant of the pandering that he suggested he was going to try to avoid. and when i watched ted cruz, he hit all the right buttons that would make the likud and right-wing coalition in israel jump for joy. the problem, if i may, brian, add, is that for all intents and purposes, trump does not really understand the concerns that the jewish community in that audience has about his feelings on israel. he cut-and-paste a lot about iran into his speech. yet he failed to talk about the concerns that this audience has about his feelings towards israel. it's not enough to talk about his daughter having a baby who will be jewish. it's not enough to talk about the fact that he was awarded awards from israel. it's certainly not enough to talk about the fact that he was the marshal in the israeli day parade. those of us who really feel israel in our bones, he just cannot make the sal

this was from 1946, 1947, the last joint palestinian jewish house. we had a very good relationship with the arabs. and then the war started in 1947. >> all the arabs were pushed out. >> they were pushed out. >> they feel guilty that you are living here? >> no, no. >> you don't feel guilty that this is a home that belongs to a palestinian family and they got pushed out, and you are the recipient, the beneficiary of the blood and sweat and tears. >> i feel that the israeli government owes them, because the israeli government is the one who made this law about people who are not here. and the question is if people are ready to take compensation instead of coming back. >> the next day david and i separated so that i could go alone into gaza. along with the west bank, gaza is one of the two areas that have been taken by israel in 1967 and has been an occupied territory ever since. >> when i was in gaza david attended an israeli right wing rally in jerusalem. a large movement of religious israelis believe that rather than returning this land, it should be

were jewish.nly that, not even all the jewish authorities were responsible for jesus's death because you have people like joseph of arimathea and nicodemus. >> the body is taken to joseph's tomb and prepared for burial. >> when nicodemus is willing to get involved is in the burial. he's supplying really very expensive products to be used in the process of embalming the body. >> first century jewish law said that to touch a dead body would make you unclean. and so for joseph and nicodemus to actually go through the process of preparing jesus for burial, there had to have been tremendous love and devotion just to care for him. >> a rock is rolled across the entrance to seal the tomb shut. three days after the crucifixion, john and simon peter, two of jesus's disciples, visit the tomb. they find it empty. according to john's gospel, then simon peter came and went into the tomb. he saw the linen wrappings lying there. but the bible doesn't mention what happens to the linen cloths next. more than 1,300

he solidified the jewish vote tonight.reat night for my father. >> he talked in one line at the end. it was -- we had a copy of the speech ahead of time. a lot of the politicians could that and the president does that as well. give us ahis speech ahead of time and embargo it. he said that his daughter may be having a jewish baby any second. and now it's been about 20 minutes to half an hour. do you have3( any update on that at all? >> that means she must have just had it, greta. maybe you guys no something i don't. ivanka is very close. she is amazing. she is jewish. her husband married myself and my wife. foreign minister from a family that has jewish members. >> there is no baby right now? so there is no baby? we can get off the baby watch for at least the evening. >> unless i have just gotten an email that i don't know about. my phone is 5 feet away from me. i think we are off baby watch for the evening. >> how is your father going to do in arizona and utah. >> amazing. knocking it out of the park in terms of the polls.

as a jewish state. violence is unacceptable. can bestantime, we advance stability in the region by providing israel our 100% support. hasould make sure israel what it needs to defend itself with weapons, political technology, solidarity, and working quietly to facilitate efforts at reconciliation. expectedhat would be of a dependable ally. let me conclude by talking about the greatest alliances. those with countries such as israel, where we share a community of values. international system we built upon these common values, of course, is under challenge or attack. recommithy we have to ourselves to those values. we must not shy away from proclaiming and celebrating them. why we must revitalize our alliance is to defend and expand the international system built upon those values. a system that has prevented global conflict and lifted over 2 billion people over -- out of poverty and the last 70 years. we cannot go it alone. we must be realistic. we cannot be neutral either. we must be counted on to standb

a great deal of this is taking place from jewish community resource, jewish community of relation councils which are in sight large foundation the industry with across every major population center. they function under the old american zionist council model in which, like aipac was back in the day, just a little committee inside a big organization. that's what they do. they lobby as foreign as an organized unincorporated committee. that's not back for aipac back when the kennedy administration told them to register as a foreign agent. agent. six weeks later aipac broke off and incorporated. the community relations councils lobbied the way aipac used to lobby, without disclosing very much and some top lobbyists are terrified, terrified and quoted saying you would sure hate to see any of his reported properly. so what we have in terms of the prerogative of the presidency to take away iran sanctions, hard unwind all of these state level iran boycotts. when we talk about the president maybe watching to be in charge of whether law enforcement is trained in israel, no. if we talk about changes t

>> welcome to the national museum of american jewish history in philadelphia, pennsylvania. i and the chief registrar and associate curator. i am happy to give you a tour. we are in the middle of independence mall in philadelphia. we are halfway between independence hall, where the nation got its start and the national constitution center which explored the founding documents of the nation. anlike to think that we are example of what happens when a people are allowed to live in liberty. one of the big stars in our , thistion is right here is correspondence between george washington and the jewish congregation of newport, rhode island. these are on load -- loan from the morgan foundation. in august of 1790, washington traveled to newport to thank the community for ratifying the constitution, the last state to ratify. -- including the jewish community of newport, and this is the address that was read out loud to washington that day. afterwards, washington would write back to the congregation, a very eloquent letter confirming his belief that the new nation -- his commitment to

homeland, including the presidential candidates who were in full jewish pander mode, you had hillarym clinton-berg, they the dore cruz-owitz, jonathan kasichhh, kasich seven, and of course the evil pharoah. >> kasich seven. >> so what, president obama in his final year, yay! >> he may be the worse thing to ever happen to israel, believe me, believe me. >> >> larry: no, i don't believe you. >> whether or not you like oama, there are many worst things that have happened to israel, such as religious persecution, and 5,000 more years of religious persecution. >> i mean you don't hear me saying guy fieri is the worst thing to ever happen to boats just because he's opening a bar key chain aboard carnival cruise ships, yes, i think that's disgusting but so was the atlantic slave trade. >> still, acetone deaf as trump may sound about israel, he played up his personal connection to the tribe my daughter ivanka is about to have a beautiful jewish baby, in fact it could be happening right now, which would be very nice, as far as i am concerned. >> the level of pandering here is just so amateuri

there were jewish track start to went on the team to berlin. also, jesse recognize on some they say we are subhuman and they are the master race, how am i going to disprove that if i am not there? think that was foremost in his thought process. foremost was, i am in natalie, i compete, this is my chance. bert: this is your npr station, you're listening to wbfo. we are at the university of buffalo north campus. i want to invite some of the audience and get them involved in our discussion. audience member: what gave him perseverance? i think owens is remarkably cool under pressure. has been in pressure-packed situations before. he was one of these guys who found a way to always rise to the occasion. coaches, larry snyder and charles riley were very important in that regar and his mother was important in that regard, as well. she had instilled in him at a very early age the notion that he could be special. he was one of 10 children. there was no reason to believe that he would be able to fulfill her hopes for him. but, she did at a early stage in