jim crowe and segregation.hink that there are separate, but just as important conversations to have about african immigrants, caribbean immigrants who come here and also face racial discrimination that inhibits them from education as well. >> tucker: so even people whose families didn't suffer under state sponsored or slavery would be entitled to that those groups tend to do as i'm sure you know from looking at the numbers, pretty well, in a lot of the case outearn native born americans. why would they be entitled to this also or to any special consideration? >> so, you are using the word entitled and i don't know if that's the right word. when we talk about african immigrants who come here and face racial discrimination, can i actually speak ton this very uniquely because i am the daughter of immigrants who came here. there is unique discrimination that faces african immigrants that many people don't talk about. i feel like this proposal specifically focuses on black americans who have dealt with the effects o

just the presence of jim crow.there are lots of reasons why african-americans would actually find mexico a potentially attractive place to be. and so i got very interested in thinking about this sort of hit another migration we don't think about. at that very interested once i was looking for the record trying to see who is behind this. he would realize that with the new train system between us and mexico that it did not necessarily only need to go from north to south. it connects to go from south to north. and it was a very mysterious figure went by these various names and that was the initial spark. the interest in trying to figure who is this person with this very interesting vision of the board and what the relationship between the us and mexico could be. >> today relocate downtown the main branch of the san antonio, parfum where ellis lived and worked. since he spent so much time immersing yourself in 19th and early 20th century life as you research the book. i would like to take us back there for a moment. wh

it is her contention in this book that we, in effect have jim crow still. today.and she writes an eloquent, very sobering book that i highly recommend to look at the issues of the jim crow today. >> well, i agree with you in many respects. i've not read the book, but i've certainly heard about it, and i think the racism that confronted lincoln and the radical republicans and andrew johnson and during the both presidential and congressional reconstruction, if you want to call it that, is still with us today. and i think, i have to say this. as a mediator, we could not mediate the civil war, because when that first boat load of slaves went into jamestown harbor in virginia in 1619, i think it was, we were doomed. that was it. once we created an enslaved culture, the only way we could get out of it is exactly what happened between 1861 and 1865 and what many great americans, men and women have tried to do to defray us, to get us away from this injustice of enslaving another people. thank you all, you've been great. [ applause ] . >>> in case you missed it, on c-span,

how could you prove that your family was affected by jim crow or slavery?ld you have to show that your ancestors were a super percentage of were afro-american? will be the standard for this? >>s these are important questios and i am actually glad you were asking them. the whole point of this resolution was to get a conversation started about reparationss. owed to black americans, specifically in the form of education. sos there are small details such as what you are pointing out.t. that wouldn't be more nuanced and more focused on, but i don't thinke it's very difficult to prove that someone who wasn't immigrated here who has suffered from the effects of slavery, jim crow, and segregation. >> tucker: i'muc not sure they're small details though and a kind of gets to the heart of what might be the problem with this or one of the problems with this, and that is what you haver a body like your university or the u.s. government or a state government o doing blood tests n people to decide who's in what racial category and then it giving people benefits on the bas

i want people to have an understanding what life was like in jim crow. a lot of these stories were really hard to talk about for many, many years and they did a lot of driving around the west end of roanoke with the women mainly in their 80's and 90 a he is, they had a connection, either they knew the family in the neighborhood, grown up with it, or see the brothers when they came home. one woman said, mother ingram, their manager would hover over him and she just looked at me and she said the circus owned them, you see. and that was what she believed. that's what people believed, he was hovering over them like he owned them. and another woman in her 80's was driving around, trying to bring this neighborhood to life, what the neighborhood was like to kind of compare it to what that was like versus what george and willie were on the road. they didn't hate the sir can us, they would say of the side show, people were laughing at us, but we were laughing at them because they were paying to see us. and many of them were almost like a pride of calling and wher

in illegal discrimination jim crow -- an illegal discrimination in jim crow. in addition to striking down the legal barriers that existed thanks to efforts of king and thurgood marshall and others. -- iharacterizations -- in voter suppression 2012, a higher percentage of blacks in america voted and whites. where there was voter id laws. but where is the evidence? pulls of shown a majority of blacks favor voter id laws in this country along the majority of whites and liberals and conservatives and democrats and republicans. but if you want to characterize it as voter suppression, some people might disagree with that. um, again, there are barriers that remain in place. i am not sure i would identify the same barriers as my colleague. -- thation in schools often comes up. segregation in schools. there is this belief that my children need to be sitting next to white kids in order to learn in school. i reject that. there has long been majority black schools in this country since reconstruction the dead and excellent job -- since reconstruction that did in the -- si

were individuals who were disenchanted with matters as they were in some fashion, concerned about jim crow and its continuance, they were deeply concerned about the war in vietnam, two of this when pillars in a matter of speaking and they were also concerned about elemental issues, family relationships and personal dealings and sexuality and consciousness, rationality, there was this coalescing of forces, demographic, economic, literary, cultural, some political in nature that welded together and provided this backdrop allowing the counterculture of the 1960s to be as large in scope and scale is approved to be. there were several sparks or triggers to the counterculture of the 1960s, you have the backdrop of the cold war. internationally speaking, you had that feeling and reality of alienation. and demographic matters came into play, large pools of young people congregating together, off and on your college university campuses and then you had those terrible realities of racism and war. and i think that enabled a large number of young people to be receptive to different possibilities and t

and that was the jim crow era. african-americans were abandoned by the federal government. and allowed to be virtually re- enslaved by a white supremacist. sunday night on afterwards. congressman ken buck of colorado also a member of the freedom caucus discusses his book drain the swamp. how corruption is worse than you think. when you arrive in dc. you get very comfortable in that situation. and you don't want to give up those comforts and the weight to continue to earn those comforts is to spend more y into grow government and to not solve problems but to create programs and take credit for those programs whether they are efficient or effective. to take credit for those programs. many other members of congress are here. it is the best job they have ever had. the highest paid job they have ever had. as it is a job they don't want to give up. their reelection is more important than the actual problem solving that needs to go on in dc. >> you guys are doing great. you did great. i would like this sent a special thank you for hosting it. before we begin we are so pleased to s

host: oakland california,t: f go ahead.e it's a reason for the disparities in the country and also jim crow. they were chased off their b properties and things like that. i was wondering do you think the best way is to organize andto on start advocacy groups. jewish americans have. >> guest: i think first and foremost, even though you may be black there are still ways you can see there's something. that creates practices and attitudes and think they are critical you will not resist it was the first day should think about the way that w they become antiracist and we could recognize. they had been. they received some properlay. reparations. i teach african-american history and history of racism and social movements more broadly. politically diverse?ally >> guest: because i want students to engage. >> guest: they seem to be more serious [inaudible]>> >> host: nathan in buffalo new york please go ahead. >> thank you for having the discussion. what if it was mentioning theam reparations should be brought to the senate in regard to an act. i think he would say it's difficult to advance reservatio

by the mid 20th century, jim crow society was well-established north and south in the united states andn the west for that matter. the tradition of response to that jim crow society, efforts to expand civil rights for african-americans had continued since the late 19th century through early part of the 20th century. by the 1950s and 1960s after world war ii they came home to segregated society that did not accept them entirely. the notion of a concerted by racial civil rights grew and took on energy and strength. on the other side of this white's only door. we have activity civil rights before there was civil rights movement. in the 1940s and '50s activists tried to put pressure on the society. economic rights, legal rights and particularly voting rights. one of the major proponents of voting rights, in florida was harry t. moore and his wife hariette. they were active and they registered many in florida to be able it vote. on christmas day 1951 a bomb exploded under their bedroom in their home in broward county, florida. harry was killed outright, hariette died two days later. they wer

host: what does the term jim crow mean?am pretzer: jim crow is the legal and cultural creation of a segregated society that oppresses african-americans in the united states between the 1870's and the 1960's. host: let's get your phone calls. 202-798-8200 in the eastern half of the country. 202-748-8901 for those of you out west. we have someone joining us from new jersey. caller: hello? host: you are on the air. go ahead. caller: i want to know, since hip-hop is original art of america, is included in the museum too, because that is the last original art americans produced, hip-hop, and it all wayt has audiences all the across the world now. host: thank you for the question. william pretzer: that is a great question. i am happy to say that hip-hop and rap appear in actually several different exhibitions. musical crossroads contains a number of examples of hip-hop. the exhibition in changing america, 1968 and beyond, also has a large public enemy banner. remember, it was public enemy who spoke about, in the 1980's, 1990's an

a fundamentally unjustice society, legal discrimination, jim crow, and also virulent racist attitudes among his fellow americans. that, too has changed and has moved in the right direction. in addition to striking down the legal barriers that existed, thanks to efforts of king and thurgood marshall and others. i -- the characterization of whether i -- i assume vote ever suppression laws or voter i.d. laws, -- is that what you refer to when you say voter supression? >> yes. >> in 2012 a higher percentage of blacks in america vote than whites. even in states with the strict voter i.d. laws. if voter i.d. laws is the cause of voter suppression, where is the evidence? polls have sewn that a majority of blacks favor voter i.d. laws, along with the majority of white and majority of liberals and majorie of conservatives and democrats and republicans. but if you want to characterize it as voter suppression, i think some people might disagree with that, with that characterization. again, there are barriers that remain in place. i'm not sure i would identify the same barriers as my colleague. i

they do not create jim crow laws. black people did not create a housing segregation and school segregation in the north. those of income is a of bad black culture. my family is a very working-class, some of them would be considered the working poor. they go to work every day. they don't blame white people for their problems and they don't even think that large. they're not looking -- i look at the system and the structure and they're not thinking about those things. they don't know that i've read the studies about how if you apply for a job with a black name your most likely to get called black. they don't know the studies about if you call your congressperson and you sound black you're less likely to get a call back. they don't know about that there are 4 million instances of housing in discrimination that occur every year. they don't know about those things. they just know that they're working and they can't get ahead in there working hard every day. i reject that notion. we are one generation out of legal apartheid

she mentioned jim crow. that is part of it but it's much more than that. it is the period when native americans in every american's to their lowest point in some ways. i'm not saying it was better to the african-american in 1855 . either survey not saying that. i and saying things got worse and worse after 1890. they did not really begin to not get worse until about 1940. i'm also here to say the united states, meeting the rest of us other than black folks and native americans, got more and more racist, more racist than at any other time in our past. we see this in various ways. i will let you read the rest of it, except to say during this period around 1890 the south won -- by softening the confederate white south, nonblack folks. i don't mean anti-confederates, from richmond had quite a few and many other southern states did too. i shouldn't only say confederate because most are dying off. i will say the neo-confederates won the civil war. i'm aware in ended in 1865, but they won it in 1890. in several ways. one was they get to rename it. between 1890 in

we had some vets coming back that were not content to live in the jim crow south anymore. moore was one of them. that connection to world war ii, social change. here we have an older activist joining with a younger activist. he was in the late 20's at the time. they join together to push for social change in the state of mississippi. we know this does not come easily. they start working well before the grant money comes. in fact, they start working to register voters in 1961. herbert lee joins moses. september 25, 1961, mississippi state legislator e.h. hurst confronted lee, shot him in the head in brought a light, killed him in front of dozens of witnesses. as you have seen time and time again, in the segregationist south in the 1950's and 1960's, hurst completely exonerated. black witnesses to the event were so afraid they were going to be killed, they lied. lewis allen what eventually tell his story to organizers who begged him to come forward. he was so scared, he was planning on leaving mississippi and he was murdered the night before he left the state. herbert lee's

of the faithful that awarded when the church had lz been targetted by intolerance for bucking the jim crow policies of that time. >> in those days, here in virginia, count have african-american lay people worshipping with european americans. >> on monday ate pears they lived on only in the minds darkened by hatred. these members emerged from the woods into a celebration of light and one of the holiest days of christianity. >> here i am today, this beautiful morning, celebrating peace, love, unity. >> i'm so thankful for this community. but i'mha tnkful also for not just this church community but for the larger community that came out. >> i love this church. that i can truly say. >> annandale, derrick 4. >> okay. so it is that time of year, right? just two days left to file your taxes. and if you live in the district, you spend quite a bit. d.c. sends the most to the federal government. they paid $37,000 per person in federal income payroll and estate taxes. the next closest is delaware and they're only at $16,000. the reason, a lot of high incomes. one silver lining. in 2015, studies found

both of them, that is to say jim crow and mass incarceration, both have led to a whole part of the population locked out of opportunity by being defined by a certain status, either your race or the fact that you have a criminal conviction. and that means you can't get a job, you can't get public housing, you can't get student loans, you can't live freely as an american citizen. and so i think really what the civil rights movement was about was finding the most acute thing that was harming black people which at the time as jim crow and responding. and i see the movement to fight mass incarceration in much the same way today. >> brown: all right, the new book is "locking up our own; crime and punishment in black america" james foreman, jr. thank you very much. >> thank you. >> sreenivasan: next, another installment of brief but spectacular, where we ask interesting people to describe their passions. tonight, we hear from illustrator catia chien on what it means to create from the inside out. her latest picture book is "things to do." >> when i was growing up i didn't actually have bedtime stori

is that the nation understand how we got first of all, this hb2 deal was passed by an all white jim crow publican caucus and i want to sayay ithat by senate leader tim burger and house leader floor in north carolina. secondly, it was passed as an just like the oy attempt in north carolina some years ago to do the marriage amendment. it was passed w wedge issue during the elelection. amy, that has 15 times passed that have been found unconstitutional. this is the same legislature the all white republican caucus that passed the worst voter iscrimination laws in the country and worst redistricting aws since the 19th century which have both been found unconstitutional. sameme legislate that denied in north xpanansion carolina. people need to understand that this is a pattern. the hb2 law, we never referred law because throom that was a ploy. the goal was to split the off.sgender community there is an antiwork bill and anti antiaccess to the court bill for even heterosexuals because since 1985 citizens of north carolina could bring employment iscrimination cases to the state court. hb2 remove

. >> professor michelle alexander "the new jim called crow" and suggested that the incarcerated, e particularly african-americans, to so high that it seemed suggest that some kind of unfair in rimination was going on our criminal justice system. in this minorities country are still racial minorities. their percentage of representation in the general society and compare that with percentage of their representation in the prison population, it's always substantially higher. of a judge, oint you're always trying to apply the law. our hat's our job and responsibility. we can't just change the law, not follow the simply because of a particular occurs. udy that now, that doesn't mean that we can't consider the need to sentences that are fair. >> mandatory minimum sentencing when congress passed the put a t of 1951 which mandatory sentence on a first-time candidate's offense. the reform act was passed in 1984, which was continued to increase the sentencing. call y had what you mandatory minimum sentences. and that means a sentence that ust be a certain amount of incarceration time. > the increasing us

this is lyndon johnson who in the united states is putting and -- and into jim crow segregation. when it comes to these people on the other side of the world -- he says i will send american boys to die so that those people over there who don't even look like us, they get the same --nce that we have the scent same here. i don't care how many mistakes lyndon johnson has made in his life, the fact that he could do that pointand up on of common humanity, to me means he is an admirable man. ori'm going to read two three of the questions that came from our audience. time and you some think about them. one of them relates to this relationship between the grade society, johnson's domestic vision -- he pointed out to a william fulbright from arkansas. they were just that -- they were close, they came to division in the 60's. the biographer of gene mccarthy dominant sandberg says the senate foreign relations committee became a salon for developing conversations of antiwar activities. one of the questions is, conventional holes but johnson believed he needed the vietnam press his great soci

was the big news story important things from the past to violate the racial etiquette to with the jim crow mississippi. it said nothing about anybody putting their hands on anybody. so i knew that so think about all these years to keep your eyes on the prize that is what most people know about to be seen by millions of people. >>. >> [laughter] and i am busy. so in all of those accounts will the boys from chicago you are talking mighty big the nature of the offense did think men like that put their hands of their wife that to:00 in the morning to say you were talking big? mine never believe that stuff. not from that account. i did not think of it in the same way but understand now why did they get it is important that as a historian if i was of little surprised because to me in this moment how it speaks to us. of those in front of the warehouse chanting emmett till how many black kids will you kill? that is what i think about the story and that is what matters they say his name as an emblem of american racial injustice the white supremacy that kills people that this would i think about wit

but hb2 says i can do this jim crow-level [bleep] and nobody can stop me.someone to help me with the actual discriminating. there we go. time for north carolina to try a little bit of the bone brothers, flame and barbecue. - what's going on, buddy? - what's good, fan? what's up with y'all? - huh? - i'm saying... - you all gay? that's what i thought. yeah, they gay. we're not serving gay folks. i'm sorry. we don't serve gay people. - you just said you're all together. [laughter] [bleep], no. - no, no, you, lenny kravitz, ceelo, all y'all [bleep]. [laughter and applause] it's good, my dude. - it don't matter, fan. if i think you gay, that's what it is. - wow, that is so weird. it's as if people don't like arbitrary discrimination. - welcome to bone brothers. what are you guys looking for? - i'll serve you guys, but i won't serve him. - i'm good with those guys. i can't serve you. - lifestyle stuff. - we don't serve gay people. - look, your gay taste buds aren't even calibrated to enjoy straight mac and cheese. they're more... cultivated to enjoy things like c

my first book was day history of color lines and all progression from slavery to jim crow. three multi generational stories but the man and then move to ohio with an unusual bother to send them to be raised by the abolitionist and then ended up working in washington d.c.. and then to see if there was correspondence. 1867 or 1868. it was addressed to oliver otis howard important organ that says with that political movement with the negro exodus raising money to build relocate and would that be a good place? >> a washington insider would he be doing in portland oregon? and chief joseph when a the first books ever read was a children's biography. so what is he doing in the northwest? and could he have been the one? when i research that it was amazing. and then he is not a hero. but the notion there would be to how words how one became the other would take up a lot of my weekend. >> key will be so happy to sign your about. --- book. [applause] [inaudible conversations] . >> and don't think it is wrong to expect the members of the house that is part of the reality of the politic

our people from their motherland, keeping them in bondage with the brutality of american slavery, jim crow, segregation, redlining, the school to prison pipeline and the over incarceration of people of color. [applause] >> naming these buildings for isaac hawkins and anne marie becraft is a beginning of our journey together toward healing from the jesuits of georgetown's -- slaver. just as georgetown is rewriting its history by making amends, it must be responsible for telling its history for making sure that others understand what truly happened to bring this university into existence and how we can all move forward together by one continuing through educated students about their history and with slavery, and as we mentioned, this buildings, these buildings will forever be a marker to continue that education. forming linkages with other universities to continue to work toward healing, working with other archival's, wait a minute, let that pass, working with other archival entities to preserve and share the rich bounty of documents from the archives, and by working with the descendant comm

the expectations i am referring dating back roots before the rebellion on black who left the jim crow south between world war i and world war ii found work at ford motor company. this was starting in the late teens-early 20's. they chose to try for one reason. that a job at mr. ford's company was the ticket. that even black men could get an equal place -- equal opportunity in the modern industrial economy. the reason? henry ford rejected the notion that better jobs were for white men only, hiring african-americans across -- by the thousands across the economic -- occupational sector. to theord came closer other large any private corporation between world war i-world war ii, doing so two decades before gm and chrysler were able to match his opportunity. black supporters felt they had won the lottery. in many respects, they had. well some america could like men workers,ed as skilled tool and die workers, and get a job in modern industrial economy? but in detroit you could at ford motor company. unprecedented policies not only raised expectations of african-americans about what was alsob

not within earshot of the hundreds of thousands of dollars necessary forcing him to ride in the jim crow era. such was the question many found themselves asking as the staffer had an astonishing array of the worthy evidence and a scandalous trials unexpected disappearance is common diplomatic controversies most often one way to another in latin america the uncertainties didn't confine themselves to the border crossing at eagle pass. during his years in the public eye of the commentators had the possibilities and the new york world observed he had the looks of a spaniard and speaks several languages as a wealthy mexican and in fact the wealthiest residents of the city of mexico. others maintained he was a cuban gentleman of high degree. editors from the kansas city star, however caution they are not to be credited on equally suspicious correspondence of the "baltimore sun" discounted the rumor he was of cuban brazilian mexican and who knows what oth other. >> you mentioned a moment ago that you've been tracking down the story for the past ten years or so. i understand he's been undermined

let me tell you what hardship is like, let me tell you about jim crow and segregation, about a movement that fought for your freedom. people died, martin luther king died for you to be free. what he didn't die for is for you to be running around embarrassing your community and your family so you might get your second chance one day but right now you're going to oak hill. ever since that day in court and many days like this as i came to see people like george walker were not unique. there were many of them it caused me to stop and ask the question how was it that this african-american community came to lock up so many of its own, and that is what i said to the book. i know that you are not going to let me out of here unto i give you a preview. the first thing we have to understand his crime and addiction and violence and the toll that it took on this community especially in the 1960s and again in the 1980s. washington, d.c.'s homicide rate tripled and doubled in philadelphia and cleveland and los angeles. one year i and later 1968 was 4. and it's not just the numbers, it's also the stori

. >> the walls of jim crow started coming down.e application wasn't there. yes, we've got the foundation, but we haven't built anything on the foundation. it was almost like when slavery ended about 100 years before that. okay, y'all are free. you can leave. leave and go where with what and do what? we were free, but not equal. >> what is this moment that we're in, the post-civil rights movement. the moment of post racial equality? when i can still be profiled on the street? music becomes a gateway for african-americans to articulate their hopes, their desires, their longings, their social critiques. ♪ people get ready ♪ there's a train coming ♪ don't need any baggage ♪ you just get onboard ♪ all we need is faith ♪ don't need no ticket ♪ we'll just pay the lord >> aretha called upon this long black musical tradition of gospel fortitude. >> people get ready, there's a train a'coming. people are inspired by the movement. the song sounds like an old spiritual, here's your chance, get onboard. there's a movement taking place. by 1968 w

let me tell you about jim crow. let me tell you about segregation. let me tell you about a movement that fight for your freedom. people marched, died for you to be free. what he did not die for you is for you to be running, gunning them aside and come your community and your family. you might get a second chance one day, but right now oak hill. ever since we spent that day in court and then he dislikes them as they came to see that people like judge walker were not unique. many of them. it caused me to stop and ask the question, how was said the african-american community came to lock up so many of his own. that is what i said about to answer in this book. the answer to the question is in the book. i hope you buy. i'll sign it. [laughter] but i know y'all are going to let me out of here until at least give you a preview. so let me tell you some of the main arguments of the book. the first thing we have to understand his crime and addiction and violence in the told that it took on this community, still takes, but especially in the 1960s and again in t

belgian congo and especially african americans and how they deal with coming out of the regime of jim crow and possibly having been born into the regime with slavery and then to colonialism that was beginning to. please in the time remaining. i was recently on the internet and came across a story of georgetown university acknowledging and making the retribution and amendments to ideally families and descendents of the slaves that they sold to pay off their debt and i was wondering if you could shed some light on that and were there other institutions. if any of them had the courage to do with georgetown did a. they have that issue and there have been many universities that we can think of of harvard, brown, emory university who feature set up their own commissions to look into their own institutions. it may be part of it drives in next big reparations push as we saw in the '90s. >> we have to wait for the microphone because they are broadcasting its reaction research to 2017. it's universal shock and shame and at the time that you did your original research report that reactions were and t

folks made real gains but you can't undo, 246 years of shadow slavery, 80-plus years of jim crow, youan't undo that in eight years. we have real work to do as a society and community. but we need actual gains and policies on the table. >> i have to take a break, i'm sorry. stick around, we'll talk about that. and kendall jenner's new commercial being called tone deaf. why people are not happy with the commercial. lian. did the ancestrydna to find out i'm only 16% italian. so i went onto ancestry, soon learned that one of our ancestors was eastern european. this is my ancestor who i didn't know about. >>> kendall jenner unveiled her new ad for pepsi today and quickly became a target of backlash as did the company, let's take a look. >> simone, go ahead. >> literally, pepsi just used kendall jenner to sell pepsi, there were no police gear or riots, this is absolutely crazy and the commercial centered a white women in the middle of the movement when it's black women and brown men and black women who are putting their bodies on the line. i don't even drink pempsi, i'm t the coke drinker.

enjoyed the 20's perhaps anyone else in , reading about jackie robinson of course you learned about jim crow and segregation. i was a baseball historian and my own right as a kid because i would keep my boxscores at every game and stick them in my desk drawers. -- myd look at who might favorite players and how they did on that day. i learned to record history and appreciated it a little bit from baseball. 1947 i hado get it to understand the climate and the times we were in. arthur/injure wrote -- wrote/injure wrote he about the same era, the grounds of our civilization of our server to our breaking up under our feet. ii. is just after world war the were is uncertain footing and we are beginning to wake up to the atrocities of the holocaust. we won this war but what does it mean for our democracy? we have achieved victory in europe now we need to fight for victory in our own country so the black people and in particular the black soldiers coming back from more will have some stake in the country. time, people are unit for a sense of normalcy again. the whole country is in chaos. there are fo

like people did not create jim crow laws. they did not create housing segregation in the north. of course i reject that. what i can tell you is my family is very working-class. some of them would be considered the working poor. they go to work everyday. they don't blame white people for their problems. they don't even think that large. they are not thinking about any of those things. they don't know that i have read studies about how if you apply for a job with a black name, you are less likely to get called back. they don't know that. they don't know that if you call your congressperson and sound black, you are less likely to get a call back. are 4on't know there million instances of housing discrimination that occur in this country every year. they just know they are working and can't get ahead even though they are working hard every day. i fairly reject that notion. out ofone generation legal apartheid in this country. i was born six years after this country pass a law that you simply could not discriminate against black people if they wanted to buy a house. six years after t

the buffalo soldiers are being formed and gaining their laurels and their expertise, is a time of jim crow, slavery by another name, being adopted. you want to go back to the south ? ? nging, lynchings, burnings all these things are taking place, or do you want to stay in the military? and we also need to understand the black soldiers coming to the west, it is the beginning of a great migration that turns into a landslide in the 1920's as people move to the north. that research needs to be done. and families don't even realize the connectivity to the black soldiers. a fellow by the name of mickey schubert has done a brilliant book on the trail of the buffalo soldiers, it is just a fraction of black soldiers and what we can gleam. if we go back to the national archives for a year, we could probably come up with better answers, but it would take a massive amount of people doing an infinite amount of work. >> how about you explain to us what happened to the buffalo soldiers during the 20th century as time went on? john langellier: 20th century, the black soldiers are the forerunners of the bo

we can look at jim crow or for some reason talking about the riots in 1977 and different kinds of ways there is the disposition of native americans were genocide, the criminalization of homosexuality. there are innumerable ways people have been silenced, the disappearance of the disabled. but i think that it's been a project of arriving at voices and it's exciting. susan griffin is in the. [applause] and a role model and friend of mine and she was part of this incredible thing that happened in the 70s. in the late 60s and the 70s they kept writing about silence. susan wrote to pornography into silence and kelly wrote to silences and i had a dozen works with that period and they were very clear what was at stake and it was the right to participate, the right to have a voice in to show up and not be silenced. >> there is a beautiful part of your buck that is a sort of meditation on the idea of walking where it's where you suddenly shift gears up and think about marching. it's a powerful chapter and one i use him off with my students. i guess i was wondering if you could tell us a little