there are three presentations, the first up will be jim guthrie, senior fellow at the george w.bush and professor of public policy and education at southern methodist university. previously, jim was the patricia and rhodes hart professor and director of the peabody education at vanderbilt university. jim's paper is titled an overview of school spending. up second will be mark marguerite, she serves with the center on reinventing public education at the university of washington. her research focuses on education spending and productivity. a field is where she is now probably one of the nation's acknowledged leaders. her paper is titled, now is a great time to consider the per unit cost of everything in education. speaking third, is mike, mike has served as executive director of the council of great city schools, the nation's primary coalition of large urban public school systems, since 1992. before taking that position, mike served as the organization's director of legislation and research for 15 years. mike's paper is titled, managing for result, in america's great city schools.

the technology of education as jim guthrie and others emphasized this morning, has several well-known characteristics. one, it is very labor intensive. half of school budgets go to teachers. 70% go to other kinds of educational personnel. it is also a system that is based entirely, as does i emphasize, on whole group instruction. which is a teacher with a classroom and kids, taking his point is, 30 kids or whatever. that is how education works for almost every child in public education. there are a lot of issues with whole group instruction. it's very difficult for kids to receive individual attention. it can be very demotivating for a kid who was behind, sitting in a large class where they can't keep up the pace has to be, one, for kids who are very, very different, very, very different levels. very difficult for teachers to supervise kids as they practice. very difficult for kids all to master content before the class moves on. and then in addition to that, this whole group model is led by teachers who, on average, on average, i want to emphasize, are mediocre and not up to -- not u

one is about -- and jim guthrie kind of beat the heck out of this but i'll put it up again.this is a chart of teacher hires or teacher employment, nonteacher employment and student enrollments. now, i just -- i didn't go back to the dawn of man like jim did. i started in 1980 here and it's indexed at 100.0. but you can see that the situation we're in now -- we begin to think about a recession and, you know, teacher layoffs orwnsing, it's in a context in which the employment -- the number of bodies on the payroll just far, far outstripped enrollment growth. so there was just a huge absorption of manpower in this sector. over this period enrollment grew by about 20%. teaching employment grew, i think, about 44%. and nonteaching employment grew even faster. and over this same period, real spending per student grew by 2.2%. and average teacher salaries grew in real terms from about 45 to 49,000. one of the things i like to point out is that if we had held those staffing ratios constant, in other words, if spending per student goes up by 10%, you can either lower staffing ratios

for the three presentations the first up will be jim guthrie, senior fellow at the george w. bush institute and professor of public policy and education at southern methodist university. previously, jim was patricia everhart professor of leadership and policy and director of the center for policy at peabody college at vanderbilt university. jim's paper is called in over oversaw spending. but second is marquerite roza. marquerite serves as an associate professor of reinventing education at the university of washington. marquerite's research focuses on education spending and productivity, a field is where nation'snowledge leaders.f the her paper is titled, now is a great time to consider the per unit cost of everything and education. speaking third is mike casserly who is executive or a great city schools, the nation's primary coalition of large urban public school system since 1992. before taking that position, mike served as the organization director of legislation and research for 15 years. makes paper is titled managing for results in america's great city schools. we are pr

jim guthrie this morning said near the end of his panel that it really is all about leadership.en we started our work six or seven years ago, we hoped that wasn't true. because if that is true, we thought that the context that urban district leaders work in and the rapid turnovers rates particularly in the largest 100 districts made it difficult to imagine we'd ever see very much progress. what we found is it's actually sort of true. leadership and we found no district that were driving any rapid improvement in any segment of student achievement that didn't have a strong leader, whether at the district level or at principal level. but if that wasn't suv, there were lots of other things needed to be in place. the things the leaders did matter add great deal. that's what i want to talk to you ant today. are we ready on that? here we go. you've heard this earlier today. i'm going to go quickly through the p. the prior economic environment over the last 20 or 30 years has actually made it possible for superintendent to layer. bill talked about this in the last panel. it was easy to