dozen year after the purge, tidings was virtually the only senator with the courage to stand up to joe mccarthy. after mccarthy's committee -- sorry, after tidings' committee investigated mccarthy's reckless accusations, tidings stood up on the senate floor and announced that they were a fraud and a hoax. and even harold ickies, one of the purge's most fervent champions, made an bout face and praised tidings. but in 1950 tidings lost his seat in the senate to mccarthy's own hand-picked candidate. by taking down the prime target on roosevelt's hit list of 1938, mccarthy accomplished what roosevelt could not. and i wonder what fdr would have thought about the defeat of his new deal foe at the hands of joe mccarthy. there are many lessons to be learned from the purge that i discuss in my book, but the simplest ones may be that, first, it's probably best to play the cards you're dealt. second, a majority party needs to be a big tent party. and third, an effective president has to be a strong party leader and a hard-working party builder. in conclusion, let me describe another story from the summer