guess he thinks that the letter shows that the friendship is strong enough that he can criticize john adams to abigail, saying that there is only one thing that your husband did as president that i found offensive , which was the appointment of the midnight judges. adams lost the election in november and in those days the president didn't take office until march. there is a long time in which adams appoints a lot of judges, including a whole new circuit of judges. also john marshall. jefferson is opposed to these midnight appointments. they were called midnight because they seemed like a last-minute kind of thing. that was a mistake. abigail just rushes to her husband's defense and writes a very strong, angry letter back. jefferson tries to explain and point, mustat that have, what he got himself into war. the relationship does not recover until 1812, through the rush, aof benjamin mutual friend who works two years to bring these two former friends together. >> and then john adams enters the fray by telling jefferson -- i had nothing to do with these letters, right? >> he is saying it to ab

he was ostracized, john adams, as a lawyer, but stood up for what was right. this was in 1770, followed quickly 40 years later in 1839, again i'll be very brief , by a lawyer by the name of roger baldwin, a very interesting case. what did roger baldwin do? there was a ship coming from africa with slaves on it, 1839, let's focus back on the year. the slaves revolted. now remember, in the 1830s and 40s who owned america were rich slaveowners and rich property owners. we have come a long way, although one might dispute that. they landed the vote, they took the vote and landed in new haven connecticut. president martin van buren was up for reelection at the time and decided that all of these slaves had to go back to their owners because he wanted the votes for himself in the southern state. roger baldwin who is a nothing attorney and i don't mean to refer to him as a nothing attorney, he gave up his practice and defended those slaves on the basis that they were african citizens who had been kidnapped which is exactly the case. he tried the matter and he got them a

john adams, for one, expresses that. he says "we are hodgepodge of have spaniards, frenchmen, german, indians, how can we be a nation?" i think that is what lincoln is dealing with, that problem. he makes an extraordinary speech where he invokes the notion of our diversity. little did he know how diverse we would become. he talks about the numbers. saying we have swedes, all of these diverse people. how can we come together? how can we be a nation. he said we have is salvation in declaration of independence. that is where he invokes the notion of "all men are created equal." he makes the suggestion. in the antebellum period, they did not mean washington and jefferson and adams. they meant john winthrop, william penn, the 17th-century founders. lincoln is the one who talks about jefferson. from then on is when we recognize that as the founders. from the civil war on. so lincoln is very important in the story of the founders. >> was lincoln the logical son of the founders than, professor ellis: and mark revisor os: it is a

hamilton's vision of the united states i think was more than for instance james madison or john adams. it was rooted in the transformative power of economics and capitalism. >> very helpful. you heard what chase said and talked about the nationalism that was shared with washington. but you also argued hamilton might not have been all that in just in the details of the constitutional structure. >> they talked about an energetic government that readinithink is what you are d describing. the. other people share. it's from the experience of trying to get money for his army from organizations that did not have the power to attack. it is as a binding force of. hamilton is a real visionary. it affected in 1782 before we had even won the war. he is mapping out what the government wouldn't need to look like and what the people of america would need to do in order to have a seat at the table with european powers. that is the overriding goal of and that is wher where i shockey colleagues that he didn't care what the actual frame of the government. madison was obsessed with the frame of the gover

a lawyer by the name of john adams, who was a poor lawyer doing nothing. he stepped up to defend them. in a trial where everybody was convinced they would be convicted, even though, i don't want to defend the british lawyers for killing colonoists, even though they were attacked, he got an acquittal for six of them and three were acquitted. -- were convicted. he was ostracized as a lawyer. but stood up for what was right. this is in 1770. followed quickly, 40 years later in 1839, again, i'm going to be very brief. by a lawyer of the name of roger baldwin. very interesting case. what did roger baldwin do? there was a ship coming from africa with slaves on it. 1839, focus back on the year. the slaves revolted. remember, in the 1830's and 1840's, who owned america, were rich slave owners and rich property owners. we have come a long way. although, one might dispute that. they landed, the boat, they took the boat, the slaves took over the boat and landed in new haven, connecticut. president martin van buren up for reelection at the time, decided that all of th

most lawyers were unwilling to represent the soldiers that future president john adams agreed to do so he was just a humble private attorney his political position firmly on the side of the victims he agreed the british troops should have withdrawn rather than fire into the crowd but adams felt obligated to defend the rule of law and said he had no hesitation in answering that counsel that the accused person should want for so to operate under british law at the time that he felt very strongly about that principle and with the acquittal of the british captain to represent other british soldiers six were acquitted to convicted of manslaughter but only receive minor punishments. during his argument for the defense adams famously observed facts are stubborn things whatever our wishes are information or the dictates of passions they cannot alter the state of facts. so defend those british soldiers was not a popular cause. america in 1770 was a very different place he did not merely phase criticism but a real fear of infamy or even death. in a diary entry about the trial adams wrote in the

his son as a run-up to the presidency but not during its daily thought each other one time and s john adams was toothless in the last 14 months of his life was a five day stagecoach ride away in massachusetts. but the bushes come along eightt years later he leaves the presidency in 1983 defeated by bill clinton and george w. bush comes along eight years later and one represents the end of one era of the cold war with the terry down of the berlin wall. and the war on terror with follow-up. so remember there was a lot of in yourion you are with those bush years. people would imagine the imagination what did they really think they were doing? and all these things that could happen while and she really t in iraq was he trying to prove himself to his dad? there were so many things. so this is a story that needed to be told unfortunately the elder bush and the younger bush agreed and cooperated. i delighted to tellel the story be made before you set down to write or report you read everythinge you could and quite a few trees that you write that out about both president bush and articles on mine a

the choreographer john. adams they could leave the very best traffic in the. ladybugs could revolutionize medicine with that immune system. on the wings of potato bugs are inspiring off a text to design a. mini magician. can they help to solve today's problems bugs. little superheroes. we make up oh but we quantize of us is that under budget cuts we ought to seven seven percent. want to shape the continent's future. part of enjoying african youngsters as the share their stories their dreams and their challenges. the seventy seven percent of. platforms for charge. every journey begins with the first step and every language with the first word pushed in the. eco is in germany to learn german why not learn something simple online on your mobile and free themselves from d w z e learning course nico speak german made easy. we'll come to arts twenty one this week we have mercy ourselves in the world of dance of choreographer johnno a minor.

he was not john adams's first choice. he wanted to reappoint jay. j declined. he said that the court lacked energy, wit, and dignity. that's probably a fair assessment. later on, john adams referred to justice marshall as the greatest act of my life. marshall enormously expanded the influence of the court, and the federal government. he was a federalist. he was appointed by a federalist president. he was of the view that we needed a strong national government. decisions concerning the powers of the government were invariably decided in favor of the national government. he did something that stays with us every day today. in 1803, the supreme court decided the case harvie versus madison. it was the most important case he ever decided. this is what the court said. >> an act of the legislature with regard to the constitution is void. should the be any doubt, it is emphatically the problem and [ indiscernible ] to say what the law is. with these two lines, the court established the principles that any government action, in judgment inconsistent with the constitutio

john adams famously observed that fax are stubborn things. whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they can alter the state of the facts. pursuing truth means always yielding to the facts, even if they run counter to our hopes. truth is about credible evidence. not strong opinions. observedcentury writer that sincerity of belief is not the test of truth. many people sincerely believe things that just aren't true. they fall prey to confirmation bias. choosing their conclusion in advance and ignoring contradictory evidence. graduates, most of your clients, i am sorry to say, will believe that the facts and law are on their side. many of them will be mistaken. because the law at his best, is dispassionate and objective. if there is no prejudice. judge learned hand said the spirit of liberty is the spirit that is not too sure what is right, the spirit of liberty is the spirit that seeks to understand the minds of other men and women. the spirit of liberty is the spirit which ways their interest along its own

john adams responded to this plan saying this: your negro battalion will never do. south carolina would run out of his wits if there was a hint of such measure. south carolina would lose their minds he started giving guns to enslaved people in new jersey. arming slaves was still a step too far for many patriots. the only slaves who served in the continental army tended to do so in noncombat roles. one man who saw this kind of non-combat mission was a man called prince whipple. he was the slave of a white new hampshire officer. did work for the officer corps. we know his name and the sort of grunt work he did because he literally wrote into history as men caught in a the nightnowstorm george washington crossed the delaware river. heremoment as you see became the subject of one of the most famous history paintings in the world. he is forth from the left. ofear later and the winter 1777, white recruitment have become even more difficult for the patriots. by then the continental army was beginning to start a fresh recruits willing to pick up a musket and fight. washingt

so he managed to leverage that into the support of both andrew jackson and john quincy adams. they agreed he would become vice president and so he became vice president under john quincy adams. john calhoun was number 2 and managed to get onto the ticket of both john quincy adams and andrew jackson during the rerun in 1828. this is where the vice president under one-party becomes the vice president immediately of the other party. but it becomes complicated because meanwhile behind-the- scenes john calhoun is conspiring in the underlining of federal authority. so as vice president he is secretly urging people from south carolina to leave the union and jackson is doing everything to keep the union. the climax of the tension occurs during a jefferson day dinner event. there was a meeting every year. they eventually became jefferson and jackson day dinners. i don't know that they do this anymore? does anybody know? president's day. okay. the democrats get together and toast thomas jefferson. these toast indicate their support. they endorsed the jefferson kentucky results. in 1798 j

john adams famously observed that facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence. pursuing truth means always yielding to the facts, even if they run counter to our hopes. in a courtroom, truth is about credible evidence, not strong opinions. a 19th century writer observed that sincerity of belief is not the test of truth. many people sincerely believe things that are just not true. they fall prey to confirmation bias, choosing their conclusion in advance and ignoring contradictory evidence. most of your clients will believe that the facts and the law are on their side, but many of them will be mistaken. because the law, at its best, is dispassionate and objective. it bears no prejudice. judge learned hand said that the spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure that it is right; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which seeks to understand the minds of other men and women; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which weighs their interests alongside its own, without bias.

but future president john adams agreed to do so. adams was just a humble, private attorney at the time. his political position was firmly on the side of the victim colonists. he agreed that the british troops should have withdrawn rather than firing at the crowd. but adams felt obligated to defend the rule of law. he said he had no hesitation in adding that counsel on to be the very last thing that an accused person should want for in a free country. this was before the constitution. they were operating under british law at the time. but adams felt very strongly about the principle. he went on to secure the acquittal of the british captain. he later represented eight british soldiers. six of them were acquitted. two were convicted of manslaughter but received minor punishment. during his argument for the defense, adams famously observed that facts are stubborn things. whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions, they cannot alter the state of the facts and the evidence. defending british soldiers wh

john adams didn't call it affection -- fake news. i i think calling it unprecedented i 0 problem. nostalgia is a powerful nor katic. i'm prone it to. it's know only narcotic. it does disservice to the past. i you were john lewis and you were sitting here and you heard willie says in the common conversation, things have never been as bad as they are today, oh, really? he nearly died in the streets of america 5052 -- 52 years ago, beaten by an official in the state of alabama because he wanted to vote. in the lifetime of, dare i say, virtually everyone in this room. so trump tweeting is worse than sheriff jim clark and his possess see possessee trying to kill john lose in the streets of selma, a.m.? is it worse? i don't think so. any native region in tennessee, within the last -- within the lifetime of everyone here almost, if you wanted to register to vote and you were an african-american you should -- usually opened the offers for one hour a week, wins from 4:00 to 5:00, something like that and the registrar would put a box of soap, detergent, borax, something like that, on the de

and as john adams said facts are stubborn things. we are testing stubbornness. we are in a timly tribal moment in american politics. there are 35, 40% on each side that believe their view of the world is absolute. they believe that any con trary fact is somehow or another dismissible because it doesn't fit in with their pre-existing world view. to me, that's among the most unamerican. and i don't use that phrase much. but unamerican views to take largely because the founding of the country and this is going to appeal to political conservatives as well as classical. the founding of the country was clearest manifestation of the enlightenment idea that reason should be an organizing principle in human affairs. what is the american revolution, if not, the political undertaking that comes at the end of an era of gutenberg, rise of type, protestant reformations, entire shift from popes and kings to either by an accident of birth or instant of election have authority over other people. to a more horizontal understanding that we are all created equal. we have the capaci

john hancock and samuel adams. they were there they were there and john hancock was the president of the massachusetts provincial congress and the head of the congress committee of safety. he was, if anything, the man in charge in that area. guess what he wanted to duke in this situation? he wanted to pick up a musket and get into line with the lexington militia. why the hell did he want to do that? samuel adams talked him out of it. what should have hancock done? it's obvious. he should of said get the hell off the green. there are 30 tell militias gathering. there's going to be a very large number in the thousands much bigger than this british column. get off the green, wait till this army has come together, and then we will take care of this column and maybe even the british in boston. hancock to not do that. it's been curious all this time. he's never been criticized for that. and i love john hancock. he's a nice guy, has an insurance agency. i like him. sam adams has taken the blame. a number of historians have

john adams, our second president of the united states, gave a warning that cries rough over 200 years, over this ars, said clearly, intended for a moral and religious people. for the lly inadequate government of any other. e's a very wise man. this constitution of ours, the one we took an oath to follow ere in this very chamber, it where work in a country the people are not taught morality and when john adams said morality and religion, he was particularly talking about christianity and judeo christian morals. as one finds in the 10 commandments. as symbolically evidenced by supposed hat moses' likeness is directly above and in front of me. the only face of all of those pro pro files that's full face and not side because at one time he was considered to be the greatest lawgiver of all time. and at the time, it was the 10 commandments that were that red to be so vital those who came before us believed were the greatest laws ever given. but through the oligarches across the street in black robes, they've said don't mention god, it's ok to use jesus as long as you use it as exclamatory s

so he managed to leverage that into the support of both andrew jackson and john quincy adams. they all agreed he would be vice president. so he became vice president under john quincy adams. he wanted to run again in 1828 but 1824 was when jackson was the plurality winner of the popular vote but didn't win when the race went to the house of representatives. calhoun is thinking, okay, i'm number two and you never know, president might die or this might be a launching pad to something. he manages to finagle his way on to the ticket of both john quincy adams and andrew jackson when there's a rerun in 1828. it's the only case in american history where a vice president under a president of one party becomes vice president immediately of the president of the other party. but it gets complicated because, meanwhile, behind the scenes, calhoun is conspiring in the undermining of federal authority. so as vice president, calhoun is secretly urging those south carolinians who want to secede from the union and jackson is doing everything he can to keep south carolina from seceding from the

the logan act was passed with the aliens and sedition act it was signed by john adams. the logan act was used to start the phoney case against mike flynn. eric: we don't know if it's phoney yet. there are charges and allegations. go ahead. >> if this law can be used against republicans, i think we ought to use it against democrats when they collude with our adversaries to under:mine policies that are under way. this is full circle for john kerry. he began his public career. he came back from vietnam and bad mouthed his fellow soldiers saying they raped and pillaged. eric: he's a democrat, long-time senator from the state of massachusetts, why should he support any policy of the trump administration. >> your options are to support the president or be quiet. george schultz and jim baker how assume were aghast at what happened under president obama. i'm sure in private or even public settings they would express dissatisfaction. but they didn't meet with our adversaries and counsel them on how best to deal with the united states. i would be in favor of congress doing someth

john adams drew 4000 to a church in quincy, massachusetts.he closest parallel to jackson might have been george at the battlefield of yorktown in 1781, but that never happened. jackson's heart touched every home in the south. there were remarkable parallels to another death two years later that overshadowed jackson's in american history, and that would be abraham lincoln. the two had striking similarity. their deaths embraced the deaths of all soldiers on battlefields far away. their bodies became the bodies of young men would never come home. their funerals stood in for the hundreds of thousands of funerals for dead soldiers that would never take place. lincoln and jackson, in death, where the vessels in which they had to partake of the nation could be ford. lincoln's death was called the national funeral. in confederate terms, jackson's was too. both men died at the height of their power and high water marks of their respective countries. both were transported by trains that were met i thousands of grieving americans. by thousands of grievi

with the inauguration of john adams as president, james madison and dolley retired to montpelier only to come back in 1801 and madison will be secretary of state and finally he becomes president. with her husband's return to politics, dolley has returned to washington, d.c., the city she will ultimately conquer. dolley's role as a political wife revolves around being a wife. she used and you could even say she weaponized traditional female skills, like emotional intelligence, empathy to bring political adversaries together in social settings, and consequently to further her husband's career. this was very important because, if you think that to the earliest days of our nation, we were really brilliant and went long on the constitution. what an amazing document. on a more practical side of life, the city of washington was in its infancy and it was a muddy, swampy ramshackle of a place. in the absence of administrative channels to get things done, social gatherings were where you could get the working people together to make things happen. politics were fraught with conflicts in this ti

in 1797 adams starts, john adams, president, starts to build up an army. it looks like we're going to war with france. george washington would be the presumptive head of the army once again. he writes a war to adams' war secretary, james mchenry. he says do not let any democrats -- this is the jefferson party -- do not let them into the army as officers. they will betray us. france will invade, and they will side with france. now, you would have to be a pretty bold man to contradict george washington on how to build an army. but hamilton writes a letter to mchenry and says, washington's all wrong. if you do this, the army will become a partisan institution. half the population will not feel that the army is theirs defending them. hamilton was right. in the tradition of an apolitical army -- and the tradition of an apolitical army has been with us ever since. here's another thing hamilton did. has anyone heard of maria reynolds? she was the stormy daniels of the 1790s. [laughter] as george washington was writing this letter to mchenry, this rumor started in

that with donald trump, who in the people's white house, where every president has lived since john adamsyear, o'reilly said putin is a killer, and donald trump replied, what makes you think that we americans are not killers, too? what makes you think we're so innocent? i never thought i'd live to see the day when i saw a president say such a thing. >> jon meacham, same question. >> i think president bush, whose father received the same award, actually, and it was an award from the atlantic council about diplomacy. it's funny to think back ten years or so when people would not have thought that possible, when the cool conventional wisdom was that bush had torn up our alliances and that sort of thing. we now see that perhaps it was far more complicated, more nuanced than we think. i was thinking today because of the mccain comment and because of the pulling out of the iran deal about an observation of president johnson's, who michael spent so much time listening to and transcribing those diaries so wonderfully in which he said that nothing tests or shows us a man's conscience more than the

we naturally focus because it's fascinating, john adams said the first character of the rerub, meaningresident, will always be the object of all eyes. shakespeare wrote plays about kings. but remember, politicians are far more often mirrors of what they see than molders. if we all get on the right side of things and defend these institution, we're going to be okay. >> we are the change agents. hey mom, guess what you're get soungd. john, thank you so much. you know how i'm end willing the show. >>> there's always good news somewhere. new york city brokerage firm btig celebrating its 16th annual charity day. more than 80 athletes, politician, business leaders and even a couple journalists inclugtd me came out to rep their favorite causes yesterday. the net commissions on all of the days's trades were donated to charities benefiting more than 200 nonprofit organizations. they expect to donate more than $4 million just for one afternoon of trading. that is some good business and that wraps us up this hour. i'm stephanie ruhle, you can find me all day long on twitter. coming up right now,

the mccarthy era, in the 1930s, in the 1920s, in reconstruction, in the 1850s, in the 1790s, when john adams found the act, enabling him to deport people in closing down newspapers he didn't like. woodrow wilson, backing down on 400 newspapers. mitchell palmer, a raid on an alleged anarchist. there have been these moments. at some point, we have gotten out of them. some combination of the presidency, the congress, the court, the press, and the people have determined the shape of a given era, and that's what we are trying to do now. >> in these dark moments, you highlight, was there ever a president unredeemable? >> andrew johnson is pretty close. i hate to say that as a tennesseean. but he opposed significant civil rights legislation. he opposed the 14th and 15th amendments. congress and the forces of the day overcame that. the andrew johnson, whatever you think about the justice or injustice, his views on fulfilling the racial verdict of the civil war, i think, i'm not in the business of redeeming or condemning, but i suspect you'll have a hard time. >> you have a lot of praise in the book

john adams returned to the house is not simply going off into the sunset weight seems to be customer no. >> he was a founder of the american law institute from the u.s. chamber of commerce, was the reason before he became president got this reputation of the super administrator and chief who can solve any problem including building the panama canal. henry who was secretary of war in state taft and hoover said of all those president taft was the finer administrator of the mall. he created the modern federal judiciary and all these other institutions. it's a rare and underappreciated figure. >> there's an observation here that taft was influenced by william sumner who had a view of economics was like laissez-faire. what did the founders say about too little structure. >> before the founders they said he did study at yale who took that position. a zero commencement address he said society has moved beyond the extreme laissez-faire attitude he was neither a stream libertarian or anything like a big government progressive he believed in liberty and he said the goal of government was to be

in 1797 adams, john adams present, starts to build an army and looks like going toward transferred george washington would be the presumptive head of the army once again. he writes a letter to adams were secretary, james mchenry, and says do not let any democrats, this is the jefferson party, do not let them into the army as officers. they will betray us. france will invade and they will side with france. you would have to be a pretty bold man to contradict george washington on how to build an army. but hamilton writes a letter to mchenry and says watch this along. if you do this the army will become a partisan institution in half the population will not feel that the army is theirs defending them and hamilton was right. the tradition of and a political army has been with us ever since. there's another thing hamilton did. is anyone heard maria reynolds and she was the stormy daniels of the 1790s. [laughter] as george washington was writing this letter to mchenry this rumor started in congress that hamilton was corrupt and had been making payments to the sky, jane ruggles, hamilton writes

and he could close down newspapers and printing presses with which he degreed john adams didn't call it fake news but that's what we're talking about so -- to act as though this is unprecedented -- is i think a problem on two levels. one is nostalgia is a powerful narcotic as you might imagine i'm rather prone to it. you know, it's not the only narcotic i like. but youyou know it's right up there. drill down on that one later -- [laughter] that's right he should see the 80-year-old. [laughter] but it's -- it does a disservice to the past. if you were john lewis, and you were sitting here and you with heard as willy says in common conversation you know what things have never been as bad as they are today. oh, really -- he nearly died in streets of america 52 years ago beaten by official of the state of alabama because he wanted to vote. because he wanted the 15th amendment which have been ratified duly passed to apply to him in the lifetime of dare i say virtually everyone in this room. so what trump tweeting is worse? than sarah jim clark and his posse really is that worse not saying

>> well, you know, as john adams said, facts are just stubborn things and the number of people as dougoned, number of people who have been indicted or other people who are cooperating with mr. mueller's probe, i don't know that mr. trump is going to be able to slip and slide out of this one as he has in the past. this is a much more serious situation involving international espionage with the russians attacking our election. mr. trump or his son having russians into trump tower. and a whole host of nefarious activities. somehow he thinks he's going to poison, i guess, the jury pool, that being the people of the united states of america. most folks are not going to buy that nonsense. people know what is going on. they know what he's doing. american public is not stupid. and every day that he says something, tweets something, lies about something, just goes on to the pile that mr. mueller and his team will be looking at. >> overall, if you're looking at -- there has been a lot of polling on this. overall, the trend has become that more americans are saying that the mueller investigation

finish and john adams called the freedom of the press essential to the security of the state. well, today we have a president who seems to reject the role of a free press in our democracy. although obsessed with his own press coverage, he evaluates it based not on whether it provides knowledge or understanding, but solely on whether the daily coverage helps him and hurts his opponents. he has referred to the media as anan enemy of the people. he has suggested that broadcast licenses of some news networks should bewo challenged. he wants to block the sale of cnn to ark, the and, the for the -- to at&t for the same reason. and he has repeatedly threatened amazon because jeff bezos also owns "the washington "the washia newspaper defying the odds and showing what many thought was a dying business model can be a success with good reporting and the innovative use of technology. now given his track record, is it any surprise that according to the latest round of revelationses he joked about -- revelations he joked about throwing reporters in jail to make them talk? and it doesn't sto

think -- it goes back to the colonial period, but in terms of the united states, it goes back to john adams and -- model treaty of 7076 1776, which was in mind of joining some alliance with the french, but the treaty stipulated that there would not be any permanent alliances, he did not use that phrase, but no permanent relationships between the united states and france. wasas a treaty that supposed to be used as a kind of template, not just for relations with france, because the patrons desperately needed french help to fight the british. the treaty would provide a template for relations with all nations going forward after that. it did not actually work at the time. the french help was needed to desperately. the model treaty was pushed to one side, but it example five the thinking that -- exemplified -- andnking that reflected a lot of american thinking about the writer world -- wider world at the time. the united states had to act in the world on its own terms and preserve its freedom to maneuver. we moved to washington's farewell address in 1796, where he warned americans against perman

an interesting guy who claims to have met oath john quincy adams -- both john quincy adams and alterhe lived incredibly long life. that downaps more on the road. we appreciate your time talking about the lives of the constitution. joseph tartakovsky joining us from san francisco this morning. thanks so much. the house coming in for a brief pro forma session this morning. we now take you live to the floor.