it required two great presidents, john fitzgerald kennedy who called on us to respond to a national crisisd president johnson who took on after president kennedy's assassination to make that real. it required a fortitude with those who defended a way of life that was founded on bigotry and oppression. it required leaders of commission from medgar evers to dr. king to john lewis to andrew young who were willing to risk and even to give their lives an order that others might live free. most of all, it required men, women and even children. children of tremendous courage and unwaivering faith to endure the unindurable and to advance the cause of justice. these are the heroes whose legacy we celebrate on this milestone anniversary. of course, all who are old enough to remember those days, i will never forget the turmoil and violence that characterized the civil rights era. i will never forget watching on a black and white television in my childhood home, queens, new york city, countless people, rich and poor, black and white, famous and unknown, braved dogs and fire hoses, billy clubs and base