john franklin was an immigrant historian a son of tulsa his his father bc. franklin was a lawyer who had just moved his law offices here to tulsa from rentiesville. when the massacre happened in 1921, there is an iconic photograph of bc franklin. and some of another lawyer and a staff person working out of a tent after his law offices were destroyed in the massacre. john hope franklin bc franklin's son i grew up in tulsa graduated from historic booker t, washington high school in 1931. he was valedictorian the valedictorian of tulsa central high school. mr. borston he and mr. franklin were honored at a ceremony at i believe the mayo hotel again. these are valedictorians one from the black school and one from the white school and in his memoir mirror to america john franklin talks about the fact that these are both valedictorians yet at ceremony honoring the two of them. he is forced to sit in an anti-room outside the main hall. again, this is for a ceremony honoring him because of the rigid segregation that existed in tulsa. so john franklin went on to have a

franklin, the father of the imminent historian dr. john hope franklin. and finally, we've talked a little bit about the tulsa tribune, that daily afternoon newspaper, three days after the massacre on june 4th, 1921 the tribune published an editorial about the possible rebuilding. it was called it must not be again. and the uneducated, or the people who were not knowledgeable about this history might think that the tribune was publishing an article condemning the violence against the african-american community essentially saying that sort of violence and chaos should not be allowed in tulsa again. that's not what the editorial was. it referred to the black community in really derogatory terms and called it a cesspool and said it must not be again. and the black community should not be rebuilt. should not be resurrected. that's the kind of hostility, open and obvious hostility, faced by the black community here in tulsa in 1921, even post-massacre. the fact that they were able to rebound and rebuild their community is yet another testament to the indomitab

we gave a founding member contribution and met john franklin, who spoke on behalf of the new museum. i approached him, where his father, the venerable john hope franklin, was from tulsa. i told my i great-grandmother also survived the massacre and had written "the events of the tulsa disaster." when my father passed away, and the music was closer to opening, i consider donating the book to the museum. but, a textile preservationist i met pulled my coattails. that museum contributions often end up in storage. without any way to ensure her work would be featured, i held onto the book. i do not wish to participate in the continuing erasure of my own for mother. so, when tom payton, the director of trinity university press invited me to be part of the new book they were preparing to republish, i accepted the invitation and committed to elevating the life and legacy of mary barra --parrish. a woman alone, though, some records indicate she was with her husband in tulsa, though her own account all but explicitly establishes her as a single mother. she managed to get this book done. she worke

we gave a founding member contribution and meant john franklin. who spoke on behalf of the new museum. i approached him, aware that his father, the venerable john hope franklin, was from tulsa. and told him that my great grandmother also survived the massacre, and had written the events of the tulsa disaster. he gave me his card. a few years later, when my father passed away, and the museum was closer to opening, i considered donating the book to the museum. but a textile preservationist i met held my cocktails that museum contributions often end up in storage. so without any way to ensure that her work would be featured, i held on to the book. i did not wish to participate in the continuing you ratio of my own form other. so when tom paton, the director of trinity university press, invited me to be part of the new book they were preparing to publish i accepted the invitation and committed to elevating the life and legacy of mary a woman alone. this is debatable, because some records indicate she was with her husband into, through her own account f

this top is part of a national symposium held by the john hope franklin center for reconciliation. they also provided the video. >> as you may know, i am the great granddaughter of mary jones parrish. as moses said, the first person to write an eyewitness account about the 1921 tulsa race massacre. my great grandmother was a journalist and a writer. she was also a teacher. so she was well versed in the literary arts. also, she was someone who was deeply involved in her community. and as we call it today, she was a survivor along with a little seven year old girl, florence mary parish, who grew up to become my grandmother. florence mary parish bruner. today, i will speak to you a little bit about our new book. the nation must await. although my great grandmother's book was originally titled, events of the tulsa disaster. i will tell you a little bit about how that came to me, how i was interested with it by my father who wanted me to do something with it. and i will tell you a little bit about our relationship around the book, around the story itself, and how i took his charge to br

this talk is part of a national symposium held by the john hope franklin center for reconciliation. they also provided the video. >> thanks, it's great to be here with you all today, it's wonderful to be back home in tulsa, i love coming back home. i think everyone here probably has some sense of the scope of the tulsa race massacre. but i know that this is being filmed, there may be others who watch it who are less familiar. so just to remind everyone of just what a gigantic event this was. and the numbers only sort of do it justice. you had more than 1,000 african-american homes and businesses were looted and burned to the ground. 10,000 people were made homeless. to this day, we do not know how many people died in the massacre. but it's not just a question of numbers as well too. you know, it's not just this many businesses died, you know, what was destroyed were two movie theaters, the dixie and the dreamland. they sat 1,000 people and 750. two african-american newspapers. a dozen churches were burned to the ground. 30 restaurants. 30 grocery stores and meat markets. a hospital.

john franklin, i'm not saying what in a bit, and i need one over in the newspaper magenta ration that grew up under civilian rule. military life is new and unfamiliar before the protest would knowing run an internet cafe in a provincial town a bit. when i go with a manager been do i know to get a money payment to calculate that might be worth oh or the limited amount of money you mendez? you know, you know, she knew dot o dot b o b o l o n. okay? now this is the 3rd group of trainees to come through this camp alone observed to say that could be $10000.00 more in similar camps across the country. yeah, i. a don't know, got for natalia and but when they go on the gym from the lawn live or not and i don't know if you can get lunch longer. oh, no more. no longer translated on their new for a sunday or other, but i want to get around the saw talk to say long i wouldn't have a do you read all to undertake quarter to version that yeah . yeah. online training? amazon, the last one you can do it all. and how did how chinese over my lord allowed people not done that by me. oh yeah they, they, w

john franklin said, to also lost its sense of honesty. it did for about 50 years. so the question is, how did it come out? how did we know about this? why are we all here today? how did that all happen? this is a story i write about more extensively in my new book. but i want to talk a bit about how that happened and give you all a couple of stories so you can get a handle on what is going on. and it's very important to first recognize the key group. the key group was a group of survivors, not a large group, but over the decades they kept telling this story. they would tell the story and talk about it publicly and try to support having this thing passed on. probably the most -- the single most important person there was wta williams. his parents owned a theater. they owned the williams building their. they owned the east and garage. they were royalty in greenwood. wta was 16 at the time of the massacre. he read the editorial in the tulsa tribune. he watched his african american world war i that jump on stage on the afternoon to may 31st at the greenland theater and

this talk is part of a national symposium held by the john hope franklin center for reconciliation.y also provided the video. >> thanks, it's great to be here with you all today, it's wonderful to be back home in tulsa, i love coming back home. i think everyone here probably has some sense of the scope of the tulsa race massacre. but i know that this is being filmed, there may be others who watch it who are less familiar. so just to remind everyone of just

so he named john franklin and janet's stamp but not, he said, the revisionists. he may have had in mind robert vogel and stanley, we didn't go down that road but instead roger and i had the wit to say do you know anything about these authors particularly john hope franklin? he did know much about them so we let him through the history, particularly of franklin from 1947 until dashmac and franklins life, and so we said, to wind up the conversation, mr. justice, the books you're reading for the summer what you should do and keep in mind works of revisionists f revisionist history and did some of the most important work in revisionist history of the late 20th century. with that i'm easy come with the conversation, justice thomas took the conversation in another direction. now, roger and i could have attributed that switch because i think you would set this conversation is going really well and is likely to say what do you mean, professor? what do you mean, roger brown? of course we could attribute that to his regionalism. blackmore was at stake than that. estes thom

john. o' franklin is always say the unvarnished truth. and so therefore you've got to have room to be able to tell that truth. so you prune those statutes you put some in parks you actually say that you find other statues that replace those that tell a fuller more complicated story in essence what you really simply trying to do here is to say that america has certain creation myths and it's important to keep those miss as sort of our norstar. let us be that more perfect union, but let us also recognize that we have a long way to get there and that in order to get there. you've got to understand your history. to understand the complexity. you've got to understand the dark moments because only by understanding those dark moments. do you really understand the resiliency and the strength of a people? i agree. i think that the great anxiety in all of this is to not have a kind of soviet set. you know, where you throw out everything and and select a new history as if nothing ever existed and i understand well people could feel anxious about tha

teach young peach cross the country george washington abraham lincoln thomas jennifer, john adams benjamin franklinn hancock, will forever be american heroes, five months biden administration has launched an all-out assault on everything we cherish and >> the mission for all of us to preserve the legacy of july 4, 1776 >> you know this is first time i am seeing headlines like this, for independence ta, why do you think, the nation is you know, one what are we grappling with right now why do you think this is happening? this year? >> o well, i think it is ungratefulfulness toxicity poisons that is injected in society, military critical race theory if you think about it, the foundation of this nation is such a beautiful thing, revolutionary, patriots fighting to overtake monarchy put hands in american people to build a republic to don't a constitution has checks and balances government restraints, have personal freedom political freedom, economic freedom, right here in america, and right now the quote from reagan goes through mind freedom is never more than one generation away from distinction i thin

but it is important to say that our goal is to find as john franklin said, the unvarnished truth. you need to have truth. so you put some in parks and you say that you find other statues that replace those that tell a fuller and more complicated story. and in essence that what you are simply trying to do is to say that america has certain creation myths, and it is important to keep those myths as sort of the north star, and let us be that more perfect union, but let us also recognize that we have a long way to get there, and in order to get there you have to understand your history, and you have to understand the complexity, and you have to understand the dark moments and only by understanding the dark moments, you understand the resiliency and the strength of the people. >> i agree, and i believe that the great anxiety in all of this is to not have a soviet, you know, where you throw out everything and select a new history as if nothing ever existed, and while i understand that people could feel anxious about that. i don't think that is going on and i don't think it is going to g

john hope franklin. when america's greatest historians tulsa's proud son father was a green would survivor said night quote. whatever you do. it must be done in the spirit of good will and respect and even love. how else can we overcome the past and be worthy of our forbearers and face the future? come with confidence and with hope on this sacred and solemn day may we find that distinctly greenwood spirit that defines the american spirit. the spirit that gives me so much confidence and hope for the future. it helps us see face to face a spirit. it helps us know fully who we are. and who we can be? as a people and as a nation. i've never been more optimistic about the future than i am today. i mean that the reason is because of this new generation of young people through the best educated though the least prejudice. the most open generation in american history and although i have no scientific basis from about to say but those of you who are over 50. how often did you ever see? how often did you ever see

john hope franklin, one of america's greatest historians, tall says proud son, whose father was a greenwood survivor, said, and i quote, whatever you do, it must be done in the spirit of goodwill and mutual respect and even love. how else can we overcome the past and be worthy of our four bearers and face the future with confidence and with hope? >> on the sacred and someday, may we find that distinctly greenwood spirit that defines the american spirit. the spear that gives me so much confidence and hope for the future. that helps us see, face to face, a spirit that helps us know fully who we are and who we can be as a people and as a nation. >> i've never been more optimistic about the future than i am today. i mean that. and the reason is, because of this new generation of young people. they are the best actually -- educated. they are the least prejudiced. they are the most open generation in american history. and although i have no scientific basis for what i'm about to say, but those of you who are over 50, how often did you ever see advertisements on television with black and white cou

city edit search for justice close quote -- justice" as part of a national symposium by the john hope franklin center for reconciliation. scott: thank you. it is good to be with you today. it is great to be home in tulsa. i think everyone here probably has some sense of the scope of the tulsa race massacre. but, i know this is being filmed. there may be others who watch it you are not familiar. so, just to remind everyone of what gigantic event this was, the numbers only sort of do it justice. you had more than 1000 african-american homes and businesses new to dan burton the ground. 10,000 people were -- limited -- limited -- diluted --looted advert to the ground. 10,000 people were made homeless. we still do not know how many people died. two movie theaters were destroyed. two african-american newspapers. a dozen churches were burned. 30 restaurants. third are grocery stores and meat markets. a hospital. a library branch. a post office. a substation was burned as well too. stress shops. cigar stores. hardware stores. automobiles. on and on and on. the amount of wealth lost, let me give you on

thomas jefferson, john adams, franklin roosevelt or martin ben brown what you like to put tried yourore your answer? >> no. kennedy: you don't want to press your luck? >> well, i don't really know. kennedy: really? >> well text me a picture and then i will answer t the questi. >> she probably will. >> fdr? kennedy: oh my god, no. spike. all right. the last question. you are up against not neil patrick harris. jesus, jim. >> i'm already quitting, rights? i am in the lead. kennedy: yes. >> i'm a libertarian so i will press my luck. kennedy: who's the only president to serve as priest chief. justice of the supreme court? james buchanan, william herrick taft or ruth bader ginsburg? >> oh man, can you say them again? kennedy: franklin pierce, james buchanan, william howard taft or ruth bader ginsburg? >> owa man. i thought was cleveland. [laughter] is a taft? kennedy: yes, spike wins! congratulations! we are sending you some of the used hair trimmings from the greenroom. i don't know if you can walk from there but you're not getting paid. we are going to take money from your. great job, s

jones parish -- of massacre survivor mary jones parrish as part of a national symposium by the john hope franklin center for national reconciliation. in 40 minutes, historian scott ellsworth, author of "an american city and its search for justice" discusses the massacre and the efforts of seeking justice. in one hour and 20 minutes, john tracy, a former park ranger at gettysburg national military park, tells union soldier john rankin's story. he argues that the honesty in rankin's writings revealed how union veterans remembered the war and wanted to shape how others member. -- how others remembered.

is it thomas jefferson, john adams, franklin delano rose or van buren question work which elect to prezly don't know. okay text me a picture i will answer this question. >> she probably will that's how rigged this game is. kennedy: fdr? kristine frazao my god jessica know. spike this is the last question. [laughter] you are basically up against burt reynolds and not neil patrick harris, jesus and jim. [laughter] i'm arty winning right? i am in the lead. i'm going to prez your luck because i'm a libertarian. kennedy: who's the only president to also serve as chief justice of the supreme court pierce, william howard taft or ruth gator ginsburg? [laughter] >> oh man, it was can you say this again? hoover franklin pierce, james buchanan, william howard taft or ruth bader ginsburg. >> oh man i thought is grover cleveland. is it taft? kennedy: yes spike wins. congratulations spike. we are sending you some of the use hair trimmings from the greenroom. kennedy: and getting paid now. kennedy: i'm not getting paid you're getting money from you. great job spike thanks about shoot jimmy, jessica an

so instead of fitting the church into a history of african-american's like john hope franklin and evelyn brooks. you can buy them some savior freedom. i turn the telescope around and tell history a black people through the history of the church through the evolution of the um denominations. oh remember i was going to tell you about the triangular structure using richard. yes. okay. so richard rvkain, i've already talked about he's born in 1825. he was born free in what is it now, west virginia in the greenbrier county, virginia, but daniel payne was born in 1811 in charleston. he was born free. he was mulatto. remember the brown society because you were not too dark weren't black you were brown, right and he becomes bishop of the amy church in 1852, and i got to tell you the story. he believed that you know black people should sit in straight lines, erect and read and sing to him and none of this gospel music. none of this getting the holy ghost in front of that. and so he after the civil war. he goes down the charleston mother manual and he's proselytizing throughout the south. and for

franklin. it should have been john adams, thomas jefferson. we had some remarkable renaissance men, well educated, well-traveled, extraordinary intellects. it was not then that identified these core problems and came up with the solution. it wasng the one man among them who was not well-traveled was not well educated. he spent his time in barbados. it was washington. i think it was the creativity the innovation to think outside of the box., so here for the proms i focus on trade number one comment the government was not going to endure. as soon as the revolutionary war was ending and march of 1783 at the headquarters in newburgh, along the hudson in new york there was a mutiny. a newburghha conspiracy. and as david noted and bust out in his book, their efforts to remove washington. washington is realizing just as we are ready to seize victory were going to snatch feet from jaws of victory. that in june of 1780 as a mutiny in philadelphia group of u unpaid veterans drunks pull out of pubs in philly and they surround and dependence hall threatin

president barack obama coming in third, followed by harry truman, jimmy carter, ulysses grant, john kennedy, franklinoosevelt, john quincy adams. from massachusetts, this is richard, democrats line. hello. caller: hello, this is richard. listening to douglas brinkley, you got the list of the president that i dave meyer. i think washington -- that i admire. i think washington, abraham lincoln, fdr. washington for obvious reasons -- his courage, his leadership, the ragtag militia movement that the army had, the eastern seaboard against this british superpower, what he accomplished is staggering. it's beyond anything imaginable, what he accomplished with what he had. the founding father of our country without question. lincoln is another, the right man at the right moment for the right reasons. and for social justice, equality , stability for the nation, and what it brought to take that great stance. he's a great politician. you guys know all that stuff. next, fdr pulled us out of the depression. i always admired his political skills, and just like douglas brinkley says, just being -- to listen to him t

justice, tell us what you are reading any named john hope franklin and stamping others. but not he said, - any mania had in mind robert vogel and the spending the time, he did not go down that road and said roger and i had the way to say, you know what we think of franklin and particularly did not know much about them so we led him through the history particularly of franklin from slavery to freedom from 1947 until the time we were speaking of the justice. in franklin's life, and we wound of the conversation so we said mr. justice, the books that you are reading for the summer, keep in mind are works of permission us history and indeed some of them are important works of history of the late 20th century. but with that, uneasy with the conversation, justin thomas took the conversation in a another direction. now roger and i could have contributed the switch because you would've said this conversation is going really well and we were likely to say, what you mean. he couldn't do that. and of course weekend attribute that to his originalist thinking. but i think that more wa

napoleon hill's think and growd rich, f john beauchamp's franklin winston and michael dobbs one minuteo midnight. a lot of history titles there, mr. shirley. one stood out to me that was napoleon hill's think and grow rich. what is thatat about? >> that book has been around for 100 years. my grandmother georgia turned me onto it as a young boy. it is kind of a different two, it is inspirational but how you achieve success with your spiritual means, your economic social means. just to re-energize my thinking every couple of years now. when i hire a new pr firm i gave them a copy of think and grow rich because he is so much useful information. >> another book you chose your rereading cs lewis' the screwtape letters, why? >> i love cs lewis. he proved that you can be spiritual and be a libertarian. and his case he was a christian and libertarian. it teaches the lord's work is the double what he is teaching how to ruin people's lives. things to avoid things to know about. the house is burning down and somebody a box of matches or if someone you hand them a firehose. what's going on society

president barack obama coming in third, followed by harry truman, jimmy carter, ulysses grant, john kennedy, franklinlt, john quincy adams. from massachusetts, this is richard, democrats line. hello. caller: hello, this is richard. listening to douglas brinkley, you got the list of the president that i dave meyer. i think washington -- that i admire. i think washington, abraham lincoln, fdr. washington for obvious reasons -- his courage, his leadership, the ragtag militia movement that the army had, the eastern seaboard against this british superpower, what he accomplished is staggering. it's beyond anything imaginable, what he accomplished with what he had. the founding father of our country without question. lincoln is another, the right man at the right moment for the right reasons. and for social justice, equality , stability for the nation, and what it brought to take that great stance. he's a great politician. you guys know all that stuff. next, fdr pulled us out of the depression. i always admired his political skills, and just like douglas brinkley says, just being -- to listen to him today o

. >> our first september 11th, september 1776, john adams and ben franklin are meeting with the howl brothers to discuss the peace commission. you know, that's only a few months after they signed the declaration. >> yeah. >> yeah, i think a good word is the fragility of the whole thing. people don't realize how fragile everything was and that it was all -- you yeah, it could have all gone away anytime, at numerous points throughout the war. so it's pretty amazing that it did fall into place the way it did. >> since we've got a little over ten minutes left i'm going to throw a hand grenade into this. >> knox? >> besides henry knox. of course obviously we are dealing with a mass pandemic, inoculations, vaccinations, washington introduces inoculation or veer lags to the continental army. so with that being said besides the small poks inoculation what is one thing on the periphery that -- actually, let me go back to that. let me ask is that a good idea? what do you view on the view of the epidemic, the belief that small pox would have been a major player if washington does not inoculate.

. >> our first september 11th, september 1776, john adams and ben franklin are meet being the hal brothers to discuss the peace commission. you know, that's only a few months after they sign the declaration. >> yeah, yeah. yep. >> yeah. i think a good word is the fragility of the whole thing. i think that people don't realize how fragile everything was and that it was all -- yeah, it could have all gone away any time at numerous points throughout the war. so, it's pretty amazing that it did fall into place the way it did. >> we've got a little over ten minutes left. i want to throw a hand grenade into this. >> why am i not surprised? >> besides henry knox. throughout the course we are deal being a massive pandemic, inoculations, vaccinations. washington introduces inoculation to the continental army. so, with that being said besides the smallpox inoculation, what is one thing on the periphery that -- let me go back. let me ask, is that a good idea? on the view of smallpox, the epidemic, a belief that small box would have been a major player if washington does not inoculate. is that a myth?

young people across the country, the george washington, abraham lincoln, thomas jefferson, john adams, benjamin franklinn administration has launched an all-out assault on everything wear cherish and we value. pete: that's president trump giving voice to something we've talked about on air and off air, this feeling that here we are on the fourth of july celebrating it, revering it or feeling like it's fragile or being taken away by certain quarters of our culture. remember when he said what's next, abraham lincoln? we're see it right now -- seeing it right now. rachel: as opposed to people wanting to make it 1619. we talked earlier and, you know, i really believe we are, those of us -- we're the most patriotic network in america. we're probably the most patriotic show in america. and we have the largest audience. we are the majority. it is a small minority of people who are trying to threaten this idea that we have of america -- will: good reminder. rachel: -- as beacons of freedom. absolutely. will: there is this movement to redefine america, but that movement is coming from a radical, small minority.

. >> our first september 11, september of 1776, john adams and ben franklin are meeting with the hal brothers to discuss the peace commission, the peace commission. you know, that's only a few months after they signed the declaration. >> yeah. yeah. >> yeah. i think a good word is the fragility of the whole thing. i think -- yeah, people don't realize how fragile everything was and that it was all -- yeah, it could have all gone away. and anytime -- numerous points throughout the war. so pretty amazing that it did fall into place the way it did. >> and we got a little over 10 minutes left. i want to throw a hand grenade into this. >> knox, henry knox? >> beside henry knox. one of the -- and we are dealing with a pandemic and inoculations and vaccinations and washington introduces inoculation or -- to the continental army. so with that being said, besides the smallpox inoculation, what is one thing on the periphery that actually let me go back to that. let me ask -- is that a good idea? what do you view on the view of smallpox, the epidemic, the belief that smallpox would have been a

it's john adams and ben franklin are meeting with the hell brothers to discuss. the peace commission the peace commission, you know that's only a few months after they signed the declaration. yeah. yeah. yeah, i think a good word is is the fragility of the whole thing. i think yeah, people don't realize how fragile everything was and that it was all yeah, it could have all gone away anytime. they're at numerous points throughout the war. so it's a it's pretty amazing that it did fall into place the way did it's this we got a little over 10 minutes left. let me i'm gonna throw hand grenade into this. not just one of the course obviously we are dealing with a bass pandemic inoculations vaccinations, washington. introduces inoculation or very least and to the kind of army. so with that being said besides it's the small box inoculation. what is one thing on the periphery that actually let me go back to that. let me ask. is that a good idea? what are you on the view of smallpox the epidemic that the belief that smallpox would have been a major player if washington doe

john adams is at the world's best listener and some of these people are better protecting it. but now washington substance, you do. just like franklin4 dive printed in the joint or die appears in may of 1754 and on the same page, is actually reference to the young officer george washington. benjamin franklin talking about george washington and age 22 predict and understand this from a military point of view and list the colonies hang together, in 1776 they're done for. so the continental ideas and whose at his right hand throughout the american revolution. basically are pretty early on, alexander hamilton. to borrow a phrase, alexander hamilton american. he isn't just about john adamsts the way might be or virginia with a jefferson and james madison. alexander hamilton does not have or as a single loyalty to anyone state. although he and sub coming to new york pretty comes from abroad and he loves america as a tries to help someone into existence and a key idea is union, join or die. national security and if we do not create an indivisible he union which is what washington is advocating in the early 1780s and so is hamilton called t

best listener, and john adams is not the world's best listener, and some of these people are better at projecting. but now what's washington's substantive idea? union. he just like franklin understands join or die. on a very page it appears in mae is reference to the young officer george washington. this is benjamin franklin talking about george washington at age 22. he understands from a military point of view, unless the colonies came together, now independent states in 1776, they are done for. he's a continental list. who is at his right hand throughout the american revolution? basically, or pretty early on alexander hamilton. alexander hamilton, to borrow a phrase, alexander hamilton american. alexander hamilton isn't just about massachusetts the way john adams might be for the weight virginian thomas jefferson. alexander hamilton doesn't have a singular loyalty to anyone state although he ends up coming to new york. he comes from abroad. he loves america as a whole. he tries to summon into existence, and so the key idea is union, join or die, national security, and if we don't create indivisible union, which is what washington is advocating in the early 1780s, and s

it's why the congress authorized john adams to draw up a list of talking points from negotiations with france within days. it's why congress dispatched benjamin franklin to paris later that fall. but before we get to paris or london or any other european capital, before we travel with the declaration over the sea, let's pause for a moment longer in the american colonies or should i say now the united states. congress proclaimed the official text of its declaration on monday, july the 8th, 1776, issuing it as a printed poster known as a broadside, prepared by john dunlap, their official printer. broadsides were the perfect size to paste up everywhere and their type face was just large enough to be legible outdoors and to be easily read aloud in public settings. and so they were read aloud outside, these broadsides, these dunlap declarations, first in philadelphia july 8th, read the declaration from a wooden platform outside the state house. the gathered crowd erupted into repeated huzzahs and took down the king's coat of arms from the courtroom inside the state house and threw them onto a bonfire. the celebration continued on for hours afterwards. as j

john adams to draw up a list of talking points for negotiations with france within days. it's why congress dispatched benjamin adams to benjamin adams. it's why congress dispatched benjamin franklin to paris later that fall? but before we get to paris. all london or any other european capital? before we travel with the declaration over the sea. pulls for a moment longer in the american colonies or should i say now the united states? congress proclaimed the official text of its declaration on monday july the 8th 1776 issuing it as a printed. poster known as a broadside prepared by john dunlap their official printer broadsides with a perfect size to paste up everywhere. and their typeface was just large enough to be legible outdoors and to be easily read aloud. in public settings and so they were read aloud outside. these broad sides these dunlop declarations first in philadelphia that same day july 8th when colonel john nixon of philadelphia's committee of safety read the declaration. read the printed dunlap broadside from a wooden platform outside the state house. when nixon reached its conclusion the gathered crowd erupted into repeated hazars. then members of the committee of i