when john adams nominated marshall to the supreme court during the final month of the administration lost the election to jefferson. first he for the job to john j the governor of new york he was not at all interested and he took around to other people. it was a terrible job. the supreme court visiting court does appeal court virtually had no authority with a very small docket. it was terrible payday had to get on the worst run around the country on circuit to go to the taverns nobody wanted that job it is surprising that in desperation adams offers the job to marshall and he takes it. so let me read you what the supreme court was like at the time john marshall arrived there in 1801. this was from the is from the middle of my book because frankly much of my book really is about family life and contributions to the secretary of state and then when we get to the supreme court. washington in 1801 was congress and treasury secretary called a hateful place devoid of any real society or culture it was scarcely 3,000 inhabitants colluding 600 flames clustered around the capital packed with

[laughter] jeffrey: john marshall, thomas jefferson used similar insults.shall called jefferson the great lama of the mountain, and jefferson accused marshall of twistification. there's a great tradition of literate insults in american politics, but this is generated by passion and emotion. they really came to discuss each other during the campaign. brian: when you went to research, where did you go for the best stuff? jeffrey: the eight volumes of taft's collected writings, an effort to present taft in his own words. he wrote a lot. he wrote clearly. not gracefully, but exquisitely. he made his thoughts transparent. a great, eight volume series. listeners who are really motivated to learn more can read the whole thing, but the goal of the book was to distill the essence of his thoughts, so they did not have to read the eight volumes, and present his basic ideas. there are also a lot of great biographies of taft. lots of people start with the wonderful doris kearns goodwin book, the bully pulpit, which tells the story of the friendship and deterioration bet

jeffrey rosen: john marshall and thomas jefferson used similar insults.shall called jefferson the great lama of the mountain. jefferson accused marshall. there is a great -- extraordinary literate insults. this is animated by genuine theyon and emotion and really came to distress each other during the campaign. brian lamb: when you did your research, where did you go for the best? jeffrey rosen: the eight volumes of taft collected writing, and efforts to present cap in his own words. and wrote lot clearly, not gracefully, but explicitly. he made his thoughts very transparent. it is a great eight volumes serious. and maybe -- those were motivated to learn more can read it. book was to distill the essence of his thoughts so you do not have to read a volumes and present his basic ideas. there are a lot of great biographies. he has been fortunate in his biographers. lots of people start with a wonderful horse currents goodman book. it tells the story of the friendship and deterioration between roosevelt and taft. there is a wonderful biography by jonathan lor

well, i can tell you that thomas jefferson was terribly disappointed in john marshall as chief justicetoo. and vice versa. that is, marshall loathed jefferson. i mean, it really helped my book a lot -- [laughter] >> lincoln and tawny weren't real close either. >> they weren't. but, i mean, marshall and jefferson were second cousins, and -- but really they hated each other on principle. they really -- it wasn't personalty at all, it was principle. they'd had very different views of the role of the federal government and so on. so, as you say, lincoln and tawny didn't get along too well. they really didn't know each other very well. but lincoln came after tawny in the famous lincoln/douglass debates on thebred scott decision -- on the dred scott decision. and fdr and hughes were not personally enemies at all. they knew each other when they were both politicians in new york. and they had respect for each other. but, of course, fdr didn't like any new deal court decisions, and he came after the court. not necessarily after, not necessarily after hughes. and then you have, you have eisenhow

law professor richard paul on his book without president, chief justice john marshall and his times. later the book the tide goes to freedom, justice anthony m kennedy on liberty. supreme court nominee bret, testifies before the judiciary committee. that begins tuesday september 24. chuck grassley says he expects the confirmation hearing to last three or four days. you can watch that live on c-span three. c-span.org or listen on the free c-span radio app. >> sunday night on q&a, national constitution center president and ceo jeffrey rosen talks about his biography of william howard taft. >> he never learned politics. he told his aid who served roosevelt and taft, i will not play a part from popularity and some people want to reject me, that's their prerogative. he has this madisonian view, his heroes are james madison, alexander hamilton and john marshall who he considers the greatest american ever. they believe that majority should rule but only slowly and thoughtfully over time so that reason rather than passion could prevail. they have the belief that the entire system is set up t

adisonianis m view, his heroes were john marshall and the authors of the federalist papers.adison thought the majority should rule but only slowly or thoughtfully over time so reason and passion could be prevented. untapped believed the system was directto slowly and -- popular passion so that people could be governed through popular interest rather than faction, mobs that favor self-interest rather than the public good. sunday at 8:00 eastern on c-span's q and a. tv's live for book coverage of the 18th annual congress book festival next saturday starting at 10:00 eastern. ourour coverage includes the wee calling in from our set at the washington convention center, with the author of "the soul of america: the batttle for ron turnoutngels," in his book "grant," and brian "andrewwith his book, jackson: the battle of new orleans." p --next saturday at 10:00 at 10:00 a.m. eastern. next, testimony from government officials and security officials on cyber threats in the u.s.. they send it was before the senate -- the testimony was before the senate judiciary subcommittee.

his heroes are james madison, alexander hamilton, and john marshall. madison and hamilton believed that majority's should rule, but only slowly and thoughtfully over time. so that reason, rather than passion, could prevail. systemlieved the entire was set up to slow the direct expression of popular passion so that people could be governed in the popular interest, rather than faction, which are moms -- mobs. tonight at 8 p.m. eastern. the white house did not release an address by president trump. maryland congressman elijah cummings, ranking member of the oversight and government reform committee delivers the democratic weekly address. he talks about the trump administration. senator cummings: good morning. i am congressman elijah cummings from the seventh congressional district of maryland. i serve as a senior democrat on the committee of oversight and government reform. this is been a shopping and disgraceful week for our nation. one that will tarnish our history books for generations. attorney michp's ael

john marshall was at least briefly one of his classmates. after both of his parents died by the time he was 16, his maternal uncle, joseph jones, who was his first real mentor and role model, sent james monroe to william and mary, where he studied for about two years. i like in particular a story about monroe's start there. he should have been well prepared and well regarded school. he got there and found he was really deficient in one of more of the subjects and was not quite ready and was kind of disappointed. he wrote about this later that he went home and studied really hard over the summer and really worked hard to get where he thought he should be. when he came back, his professors were impressed. he really then made the cut and was where he should have been. i think that is a central piece to understanding james monroe. here at highland, we have always understood that the standing house is not the entire monro main house. we thought it was a part of the main house, or a remnant wing. we know that from documentary sources in particular

he has this view has heroes are james madison and john marshall who he considers the greatest american ever. madison and hamilton believe that majority should role but only slowly and thoughtfully overtime. the reason rather than passion could prevail. taft believes that the entire system is set up to slow the direct expression of popular passion so that the people can be governed through the public interest rather than factions. >> the andrew jackson foundation president and ceo walked us through the andrew jackson exhibit. over the next 20 minutes he tells the story of president jackson's upbringing as a relative orphan to his rise to national fame after his rise and win against the british in new orleans. >> we are in the museum center. we are about to tour our exhibit about the life of andrew jackson colborne for a storm. it is the largest and most extensive exhibit we have done on his life and or 127 years as a museum. the title of the exhibit comes from a jackson quote. the full quote was i was born for a storm and a calm does not suit me which could not better encapsulate the li

he had a medicineian view, alexander hamilton and others and john marshall, madison and hamilton believed only slowly and thoughtfully over time, so reason rather than passion could prevail and the system will slow popular passions so people can be governed in public interest rather than through faction. >> sunday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span's q and a. >> in "conspiracy: peter thiel, hulk hogan, gawker, and the anatomy of intrigue," rysn holiday talks about the legal battle that brought down gawker and the role played by peter thiel who sought revenge against the new site. mister holliday spoke to the press club in washington dc, this is just under an hour. [applause] >> good evening. welcome, ryan holiday, to the press club. i angela grieling keane, the 24th national press club president and editor at politico. this is the place where news happens and tonight we feature the fascinating and prolific author ryan holiday. we are here to talk about his latest book, "conspiracy: peter thiel, hulk hogan, gawker, and the anatomy of intrigue". the book which just came out, the unlikely conne

and john marshall, who we all know here in virginia, the great chief justice, john marshall compared a lot of his opinions, actually, from hamilton's arguments and reasoning. so his mind is truly remarkable. his ambition is almost as great as his mind. his desire for fame, what i call secular immortality, those who have heard me talk about washington know how ambitious i believe washington was for secular immortality. critics see that hamilton is a would-be napoleon, that he craves power, and he certainly does. but what he does, he takes this brilliance and ambition, merges it with productive work in a way that basically is unmatched. his archrival thomas jefferson expressed the fact that hamilton really is a colossus. without numbers he is a host within himself. now, think how washington would feel to find this combination of talent and a capacity for productive work. he's so overwhelmed by problems, this is like a godsend. washington wanted people, as he put it himself, who can think for me as well as execute orders. and hamilton, his affinity for the way washington fought, was une

his heroes are the authors of the federalist papers and john marshall. he believes that majorities should rule, but only slowly and thoughtfully over time. so that reason, rather than passion, could prevail. cap believe the entire situation was set up to slow the direction of passion so that people could be governed in public interest rather than through factions, mobs that favor self-interest. >> sunday night at 8 p.m. eastern. next, a discussion about the challenges faced by urban school superintendence, including public school funding and parent and community engagement. this is just over one hour. it is appropriate that the next session on critical issues facing urban superintend comes right after michael's discussion about equity. some people getting a drink, i will ask our panelists for this panel to come up and join me at the podium. alton, where are you? he stepped out. donna harris aikins. donna, panel not here? no? thomas parker. [applause] thomas parker! thomas parker, he is superintended in allentown school district in pennsylvania since 2017

john marshall that's history -- and we read every word to each other it is also very nice to live with with an outstanding editor who does not let politics get in the way. j well doctor that's why we're talking to you today about your fort coming book, i love you. but i hate your are politics. >> or i love you but i hate your politics. like it isn't it? [laughter] this book has a long prehistory. based on my marriage with rick. at our wedding -- william f. buckley was. his enforcer -- the mccarthy right hand man gave a reading and to person who walked me down the aisle was one of the first people we moved from job by professor by -- forces in new york. and this was at time politics makes -- [inaudible conversations] anyway so that's been our history, an i've lived as kind of the mascot of the right and national review for many, many years, and it has been a very eye opening -- >> you're very liberal. >> yes, i'm a liberal democrat, and in fact, i think there is -- we're going to have -- if we ever voted in. we voted for him the first time, and we both believe in the death penalty for o

john marshall was, at least briefly, one of his classmates there. after both monroe's parents died by the time he was 16, then his maternal uncle, joseph jones, who was his first real mentor and role model, sent monroe where he studied for about two years. i particularly like the story about monroe's start there. he should have been well prepared -- i want to say elite, but really good and well regarded school. but he got there and found that he was really deficient in one or more of his subjects and he was not quite ready and he was kind of disappointed. he wrote about this later, that he went home and revised or studied really hard over the summer and really worked hard to get to where he thought he should be. and when he came back, his professors were impressed. and he really, then, made the cut and was where he should have been. i think that's a real central piece to understanding monroe. here at highland, we've always understood that the standing house is not the entire monroe main house. of course, we thought it was part of the main house. we

madisonian view, heroes are james madison, alexander hamilton, the authors of the federalist papers and john marshalltfully over time, so that reason rather than passion could prevail. taft believes the entire system is set up to slow the direct expression of popular passion so that the people can be governed in the public interest rather bs thatrough action, mo they were self interest rather than the public good. >> announcer: shellshocked is a term coined during world war i to describe psychological trauma and symptoms associated with the daystless and sometimes long artillery attacks soldiers were forced to endure under the trenches. rachellevandos ki gives a talk at the national museum in silver spring, maryland. ofistorian in the secretary defense is historical office, she details the nature of shellshocked and the lessons learned or not learned by military psychiatrist.

his heroes are james madison and alex enter hamilton at john marshall who he considers the greatest americanver. they believed majority should rule but only slowly at thoughtfully over time so that reason rather than passion could prevail. taft believes the entire system slow the popular passion so the people can be governed in the public interest rather than through action. >> sunday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span's q and a. >> sunday night on afterwards, economist discusses her book edge of chaos. she is interviewed by jason furman. >> you wrote a book with is quite a lot about politics and on political science? >> the most important thing for the motivation is born out of frustration. i talk about this in the book. my interest in academic grounds are in economic interest. if you think about the economy today, there are a whole host of structural long-term problems that the economy has to contend with. i imagine we will get to them in a moment. things like demographic shift, the impact of technology for the jobless underclass, concerns around productivity and debt and income inequality. s

his heroes are alexander hamilton and john marshall. madison and hamilton believed that majority should roll but only slowly and thoughtfully over time. toson rather than passion prevail. taft believes the entire system is there to slow down popular passions of that the people can be governed in the public interest rather than through faction. mobs that favor self-interest rather than the public good. >> tonight at 8:00 eastern. a-day is a lawyer for stormy daniels. he attended an event in our hampshire where he talked about his opposition to president trump and how the democratic party should challenge the president in the 2020 election. he has adjusted that he is considering a presidential run. as part of c-span's road to the white house coverage, this is just under

that for england fans, all being well, they will have scott weiss mansell on attack and john mitchell marshalling. thank you. many have tried and failed — often in spectacularfashion — to achieve tony hawk's notorious 360—degree loop. the gravity—defying stunt was first pulled off by hawk 20 years ago. only a handful of skaters have succesfully managed it since, and not single woman. until now. this is lizzie armanto. after suffering one of what was likely to be many, many bruising falls at a skating event california, the american wasn't deterred. after all, practice makes perfect. taking another run at the vertical loop, she nails it. it means she's the first female skater to complete the loop. that is unbelievable, 20 years since that was first achieved by tony hawk. she posted the video on instagram, stating, "put my mortality to the side the other day." i have to agree with her, i think that maybe the first and last time she gives that a go, for her own safety, anyway. that's all from sportsday. we'll have the bill champions league draw on the bbc sport website, if you want a look at that whe

the chilean national company down in chile chile course excellent so insightful so interesting john marshall i.h.s. market thank you so much good to see you. and now we move to vaporing what was once seen as a great business with an unlimited future is now in question legal journalist molly barrows from national trial lawyer magazine joins us for the latest on the business and the dangers of baking molly it's so nice of you to join us we appreciate it tell us i mean what are the big companies maybe the former tobacco companies and others where they sort of looking at bay think as a way to to save them from reduced cigarette consumption. absolutely barton thanks so much for having me on boom bust today but certainly they're looking into that traditional cigarette products are taking a hit as more and more people are turning to these alternatives these electronic devices which is what a ping is essentially it's like cigarettes and it is extremely popular in fact they are looking at the success of one company in particular jewel labs they own about fifty percent of the east cigarette market and

the cherokee sue the state of georgia, goes all the way to the supreme court and chief justice john marshall rules in favor of the cherokee. he says removing their land is unconstitutional, so it looks like the plan is done. andrew jackson in typical manner, in very jacksonian manner, responds to chief justice marshall and he says, justice marshall has made his decision, quote, now let him enforce it and he completely ignores the decision and the indian removal goes through. the most infamous act -- episode in this removal was the trail of tears in 1838, 1839. 15,000 cherokee and actually next lecture we will look a little closer at this cherokee civilization because they made a really strong effort to try to comply. wasn't enough. wasn't enough. the cherokee 15,000 of them removed from georgia to oklahoma on a journey on foot that was 116 days. terrible conditions. roughly one in four cherokee die of disease or malnutrition. that's 4,000 cherokee. just to give you an idea there is the route of the indian removal. just to give you an idea of how bad things were, there was a confederate soldi

. -- john marshall, who he considers the greatest american never. they believe the majority should rule but only slowly and thoughtfully over time so reason can prevail. is setupved the system up to slow the direction of popular passion so people can be governed in the public interest rather than through faction, mobs that favor self-interest rather than the public good. >> tonight at 8:00 eastern on c-span'd q&a. -- >> next, military historian mark snell talks about "gettysburg's other battle," the ordeal of an american shrine during the first world war. the battlefield was used as a world war i training camp in 1917 and 1918, named camp colt. its commander was a young dwight d. eisenhower. the impactescribes on the battlefield and the community. this is about an hour and 20 minutes. >> we are at the eisenhower national historic site on camp colt weekend. we are here to commemorate world war i as well as the 100th anniversary of camp colt, which was commanded by the kernel --

he has this madisonian view, his heroes are james madison, alexander hamilton and john marshall who he considers the greatest american ever. they believe that majority should rule but only slowly and thoughtfully over time so that reason rather than passion could prevail. they have the belief that the entire system is set up to slow the direct expression of popular passion so that the people can be governed in the public interest rather than through faction, mobs that favor soap interest rather than the public good. good evening and welcome to come and good books. we are very happy to welcome mrs. dugan barry. she is presenting her new book doing good, she is a fellow at mother jones magazine and a columnist for pacific magazine. before coming a journalist, she worked at the national institute for reproductive health and she is a minnesota native and currently based in the twin cities. please help me welcome my ad dugan barry. [applause] >> thank you. how does this sound? about that? like this? really? testing, testing. how's this? how about the. hello, hi, i'm mia, i'm happy to be her

but in the same footnote he says we have moved from john marshall to the fortune cookie. but it's biting what i i found the most troubling about his writing is that it wasn't only the ad hominem attack but it was leveled at the other justices to delegitimize what they were doing tas leveled at the other justices to delegitimize what they were doing this is the most difficult thing about what's the leah was doing he claimed he was doing law while everybody else was doing politics if you didn't go his way it was a legitimate that he wrote it for law students so people would pay attention but that is much more common now of other justices starting to use that similar language. justice kagan with the campaign-finance said he found a smoking gun. the only smoke that goes with the nurse now i think the most talented writer on the court that respect for the court as the institution that is one of the biggest contradictions that's the leah would have lost on civility on society ladies saying the f word on tv those were his words. but he was more responsible for the decline of the

play with popularity that's their prerogative with the madisonian view and alexander hamilton and john marshall created the greatest ever in believing slowly and thoughtfully over time that reason over passion could prevail and the entire system is so slow with popular passion so that the people can be governed in the public interest of self-interest rather than the public good. [inaudible conversations] >> good afternoon. thank you for being here today. it is a distinct privilege to introduce prof. travis morris executive director of thefi mposium and the peace anwr center the 23rd annual

there are plenty of opportunities now in richmond because several leading lawyers have gone like john marshallo serve in the presidential administration. so there is some opportunities there. but then he also said, practicing law helps break the boredom of farming. and jefferson, is of course the great champion of farming. and most of what jefferson --te, he depicted farming as and farmers, as the chosen people, and farming as the best possible kind of life. so i was a prize when i read that comment by jefferson. -- i was surprised when i read that comment by jefferson. host: why hasn't monroe gotten more publicity? a war,sident, font in secretary of state, secretary of war at one time, congressman, senator, why do you think he has not gotten president -- gotten publicity? john: i don't have an answer to that. his papers are available, there is a new series, new edition of his papers up through six or seven volumes. iuse them for the period worked on and they are up to, not to his presidential years, 1815, 1816.ound modern editorial, practices. as i said, he did write memoirs. though they are

his attorney general you must prosecute him and he told the chief justice of the united states john marshall if you don't convict him i'm going to get you impeached. he arranged witnesses to come to the white house and made deals if you are willing to testify they will give you a pardon. there is no such thing as immunity in those days and if you are unwilling to testify i y about how my attorney general to go after you. historically, we have unitary objective. he didn't have to appoint an attorney general. attorney general isn't in the constitution. he could make himself attorney general. a president can appoint himself attorney general, he can appoint himself secretar secretary of tr and if he does that he can do all these things. this is a terrible system. i'm against it. >> i don't understand why that would mean an official act authorized couldn't be obstruction of justice and i want to give a similar example. but suppose we have election documents in the white house they are my property and i'm entitled to do whatever i want. >> that you're the president righright? i'm not making the st

reject me that their prerogative he has the madisonian view love james madison and hamilton and john marshallconsidered the greatest american ever and they believe the majority should rule but only slowly and thoughtfully over time the reason over passion could prevail in the entire system is to so low that direct expression so people can be covered in the public interest rather than through affection. in self-interest other than the public good. [applause] good evening. welcome to the national press club and our audience i am the national press club president and editor at politico is a place for a place for news happens in today's headline feature the fascinating p

. >> john marshall, good to have you. >> thank you very much for having me. >> sure. >>> what may have been one of the most devastating moments for the white house this week was conviction of the former campaign chairman paul manafort. anderson cooper spoke with one of the jurors who says she approached the trial wanting manafort to be innocent but could not reach that conclusion after seeing the evidence. take a look. >> we had one juror who held out her vote. we had two, one that would flip flop from one day to the next, would say she was pressured, change her vote. we had some of that. but in the end it was one person who even though we could put the paperwork in front of them again and again, they said they had reasonable doubt, and therefore that's their right as a juror. we tried very hard to make sure we weren't a hung jury. 11 of us, 10 for sure, were positive from almost day two. and the rest of us, the other two were not sure. and we spent a lot of time deliberating, doing due diligence like we were supposed to as a jury. in the end even though we could tell her that the defe

he has this madisonian view, his heroes are james madison and john marshall who he considers the greatest american ever and madison and hamilton believe that majority should rule but only slowly and thoughtfully over time so that reason rather than passion could prevail and taft believes that the entire system is set up to slow the direct expression of popular passion so that the people can be governed in the public interest rather than through faction, that is mobs that favor self-interest rather than the public good. >>> i want to begin today by talking about the international exhibition of arts manufacturers and products of the soil and mind. y'all want to go to that, don't you? that's exactly where you want to go. do any of you actually know where this actually was? it was also referred to as the centennial international exhibition, it was held in philadelphia from may to november 1876, it was supposed to celebrate the centennial of american independence and ideally it was supposed to celebrate the reunion of the nation. following the civil war. it's really the first world's fair. in

he was a classmate with john marshall for one year at that school.then, he went to the college of william and mary and probably lived in the same dorm, maybe the same room, we do not know that. jefferson had lived there 15 years or so earlier. like "alexander hamilton", he chopped out of college to join the army. he was an 18-year-old in 1776 and he joined the third virginia regiment that was marching and drilling right outside his dormitory window. he then went off to war. so, i am not sure how one of the predictability studies would deal with the monroe. with pain, i think they all would have missed. payne was the son of a craftsman born in a small town called bedford, england. it was a market town 50 miles northwest of london. it had only a brief education, five or six years of education, formal education and that was it. he was pretty much earmarked for a career as a craftsman himself. i do not think anybody would have guessed where payne was going to go. these three individuals i think shared a couple of things in common. one was that all three

and the president of the united states, andrew jackson, said john marshall, the supreme court chief justice, made his decision and let him influence it. he sent troops not to enforce the decision but to drive out the indians to oklahoma where they live to this day. was that a period you would say -- what were the words? pragmatic, undogmatic and adaptive? maybe in a sense but not in a very good sense. or let's go through the pre-civil war days, or the civil war days, or reconstruction, or through 80 years just about of legal segregation. do you think those were days that were pragmatic, adaptive? well, they were adaptive, i didn't see it. so, we have lived through lots of history in the united states. some of it has turned out pretty well and some of it has not. the amazing thing about it i think is what tocqueville said in about 1840 when he came over here and said the first thing he notices was the clamor. what's that? noise. what did he mean by that? he said what he meant. he met the clamor of every group under the sun trying to work out their differences and maybe they should have been

he is often criticized for being -- for insisting on ignoring john marshall's ruling in the supreme court. the supreme court said this is a sovereign nation and the federal government should come to the rescue of the cherokee, push back on these georgians -- sorry -- and that that jackson said, this famous line he may or may not have said, that's john marsal's opinion. let him enforcement it. that's in direct violation of the constitution, but he had his reason, which was if he did enforce it, the whole country could good up in flames and he knew that, and he was right. he was early to think this but definitely smoldering. next question, if any. i i hope you still like me. we're so nervous up here, we historians. >> what in your research explains how john ross rose to this position and partially because of having read the fictional book, but i think somewhat based on this charles fraser, 13 million, and i think in that doesn't he have that he was abandoned and adopted by cherokee chief or something like that? is that at all part or the true story. >> true of sam houston. not john ross. jo

the author of the federalist papers and john marshall. and madison and hamilton believe that majority should rule, but only slowly and thoughtfully over time so that reason rather than passion could prevail. taft believes the entire system is set up to slow the direct expression of popular passion so the peel can be governed in the public interest rather than through faction and mobs that favor self-interest rather than the public good. >> the most important thing i think in terms of motivation for writing the book is born out of frustration, i talk about this in the book. after you write, my interests and my academic background are in economics. but if you think about the global economy today there are a whole host of very deeply structural long-term problems that the global economy has to contend with. and i imagine we'll get to them in a moment. but things like demographic shift. what the impact of technology will be for the jobless underclass. concerns around productivity and debt. debt overhang and income inequality. something that w