that's a structural impediment to doing what john mcwater prescribes. so the problems of the urban crisis are not simply going to be solved by market-based solutions. or technological innovations. because in some ways, that's not what caused it. there's three characteristics, three histories in some ways related that i'll talk about for the remainder of the class. there's the history of the so-called second ghetto. and i want you to think about the word ghetto. when you use it or don't use it. i try to remind people when i do lectures that, you know, people don't live in ghettos. people live in communities. there's a difference when you say that. there's a cognitive difference. people don't necessarily live in ghettos, people live in communities. communities in cities. you can say people live in racially segregated communities. but this language of ghettos, and ghettoization, so much of what we read uses the language of the ghetto. but ghettoization i would encourage you to think of it as a process. not necessarily a place. although there are spatial ch

john mcwater makes the case in the book that you read black people should just move. why are they in the city, they're stuck in the city and not leaving because they're dependent on welfare or addicted to the ideology of welfare. that's mcwater's arguments, right? why don't they just pick up and move where the jobs are? structurally, you know, there are impediments to doing that, one of the primary ones being housing. how do you just pick up and find housing in other places where there may be jobs? how do you pay first month's rent, last month's rent, deposit? if you're on public assistance or unemployed, where do you come up with that? there is a structural impediment to doing what he prescribes. the problems of the urban crisis are not simply going to be solved by market-based solutions or technological innovations because in some ways it is not what caused it. there is three characteristics, three histories in some ways related that i will talk about for the remainder of the class. there is the history of the so-called second ghetto, and i want you to think about t

and it's also where the john mcwaters piece that you read comes into play. you know, there was some comments before class about how mcwater is very strong, clear critic of a lot of what you read. and i think that it's important that we read multiple approaches to these questions. we can't just read one particular argument from one particular point of view. so that's why i gave you the mcwater piece from his book "winning the race." which is a criticism of much of the other things that you read. so the post-war urban crisis, i'll start there. what was it. what was the urban crisis, or what is this historical phenomenon that i'm referring to as the urban crisis. on the one hand it is political and cultural reactions to mid to late 1960s violence and disorder in american cities. it's also a shorthand explanation for the fiscal insecurity. a lot of cities, a lot of northeastern and midwestern cities are experiencing fiscal crisis in the mid-1960s, which is basically they can't pay their bills. they cannot pay their bills. the urban crisis refers to the fiscal in