johnston was. when i finished my talk, he got up to give me this little figure of joe johnston that he had made. he had a rather sheepish look on his face and he said would you like me to take this and make one of hood? what are you going to do saw off one of the legs? i mean that's what the doctor did. but it's a wonderful little thing. it's a nice item. anybody interested in the civil war would like to have this to put on the mantle piece. i was very glad to get it. i thanked him for it. took it back to the motel that night. i was going down to waco to speak down there. wrapped it up in an old dirty t-shirt, put it very carefully in my suitcase. went down to waco in the rental car the next day. spoke there, came back. went to the airport at dfw. checked the bag to go to washington because i was going up there to a smithsonian program, spend a few days at my brother's doing research in the archives. did that. jar still wrapped up in its t-shirt. went back after i finished to the airport, checked t

johnston who served as m.a.g. adviser to the first infantry battalion army of the republic of vietnam. 34-year-old michigan-borne captain johnston with a wife and two children in chicago would soon learn his military l9:wç÷ a thorough knowledge of guerrilla tactics. and to maintain a workable relationship with his a.r.v.i.n. counterpart he would have to make some changes in his approach toward human relationships. his counterpart had received infantry and artillery training in the united states. but there was still a large gulf of two dwergivergent cultures. it would be up to sergeant johnston to bridge this gulf as rapidly as the cultures would permit. as johnston met officials he was aware of the need to understand the vietnamese people without becoming involved in their politics. the advisers duty was to adhere to the u.s. national policy and his policy is to support the operations of the incumbent government of vietnam. when johnston reported to the first battalion they were stationed at a siugar mill. it was

all he cared about was embarrassing joe johnston. this was johnston's basic approach. it wasn't long after that, early the next year, when hood submitted his report, which was a total reverse of johnston. johnston had not been heavily outnumbered. he had chosen to retreat, to abandon these strong positions in north georgia. he had lost some 22,000 men. johnston claimed he had lost only about 10,000. johnston's army had been demoralized. johnston had passed up many opportunities to strike at the enemy, and the army was so weakened in numbers and moral that not even hood could win success when he replaced johnston. these two views of the campaign which for simplicity sake will call the johnston interpretation and the hood interpretation echoed from that point down to this. but for most of that time, joseph e. johnston's view of the campaign had prevailed. it became the popularly accepted view of how the campaign in georgia had unfolded that year. johnston owed this success or his interpretation owed this success to hood was in command. they had not lost atlanta when john

as the men split them through, johnston saw -- split bamboo, johnston saw he had one of victory.y were using machetes instead of bayonets. as they prepared to move downriver, men of the battalion were concerned about something. it was not the prospect of backbreaking work and 120 degree heat. their version of chinese new year was two weeks away. unless they completed the post 30% would leave for home. at a nearby port, the equipment was loaded on board. responding to request to command an advisory channels, the navy of the republic of vietnam had assigned four landing craft in support of the mission. johnston was on hand to watch them pull out. they would transport the equipment to buy river and can now to the construction site. battalion paralleled the river on foot. walking with them were johnston and the battalion commander. they cleared villages and searched how it's all along the populated route. johnston and his counterpart found that all adult males have left, confirming their belief that most of the population were viet cong. the last moment escape was indicated by food s

johnston also benefited by his early biographers. johnston died in 1891. he had two quick biographies. one of them by badly t., who a dear good friend of his and military subordinate, who confessed in his induction that i love joe johnston and the other ones by his kinsman robert hughes and for 50 or 60 years those were the only two biographies of joe johnston that were available. hood didn't have a biography at all until the middle of the 20th century. johnston benefits from all of these things. he also benefited from trends in civil war writing. the overemphasis on virginia meant that people writing about the war in georgia and atlanta didn't have much to work with and didn't spend a lot of time trying to describe it. they grabbed quickly available sources. people like pollard and greeley and foot and others. these sources for writing the history of johnston's army are widely scattered. you could write a history of the confederate army of virginia, robert e. lee's army and never go more than 150 miles from richmond. that would take you to raleigh, durham

johnston also benefited by his early biographers. johnston died in 1891.had two quick biographies. one of them by badly t., who a dear good friend of his and military subordinate, who confessed in his induction that i love joe johnston and the other ones by his kinsman robert hughes and for 50 or 60 years those were the only two biographies of joe johnston that were available. hood didn't have a biography at all until the middle of the 20th century. johnston benefits from all of these things. he also benefited from trends in civil war writing. the overemphasis on virginia meant that people writing about the war in georgia and atlanta didn't have much to work with and didn't spend a lot of time trying to describe it. they grabbed quickly available sources. people like pollard and greeley and foot and others. these sources for writing the history of johnston's army are widely scattered. you could write a history of the confederate army of virginia, robert e. lee's army and never go more than 150 miles from richmond. that would take you to raleigh, durham, ch

he recognized that the rapport of johnston -- it would be up to him to work out the problems as johnston had. however one fact was certain, all else being equal, he would have an easier time of it because his predecessor had laid the foundation of a workable relationship with his counterpart and the rest of the battalion. >>> here's a look at what's ahead this labor day weekend on american history tv. saturday at 6:00 p.m. eastern the civil war and the atlanta campaign. on sunday at 6:30, supreme court chief justice john roberts on the history and significance of the magna carta. at 9:00 p.m. that evening a look at senator sam irvin's time as chair of the senate watergate committee. and a discuss of letters from president warren harding detailing his long term love affair. all of that this weekend on american history tv on c-span3. >>> each week reel america brings you archival films. released in 1938 and sponsored by the farm security administration, the river is a 31-minute documentary about the miss river valley. the film promotes various new deal proms by arguing that poor farming an

johnston, and to break it up. then get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the damages you can against their war resources. at the same time, sherman was supposed to prevent johnston from detaching elements of his army to reinforce either lee's army in virginia or confederate forces out in louisiana. that is sherman's objective then in the atlanta campaign. if you look at sherman's record during the civil war, up until the spring of 1864, in many ways it's not that impressive. particularly if you look at his performance on the battle field. if you look at chickasaw bluffs in december of 1862, or december 1862, if you look at chattanooga and missionary ridge, sherman's, the attacks that sherman has launched in those battles have been piecemeal, they've been re pulsed. he doesn't have a particularly impressive record on the battlefield. sherman's reputation then today rests primarily on what he did in 1864 and 1865 to implement grant's grand strategy. sherman targeted not only

johnston lent a hand in tying it down.talion was now ready to begin its basic mission, construction of the sdc post following the plan drawn up by johnson and his counterpart. the wall for the triangular post would be of mud which would become almost as hard as concrete when it dried. a block house was constructed at each corner of the triangle. personallyn supervised many phases while johnston was everywhere, observing and advising. one of his recommendations was for use of concertina wire. their joint plan also included the digging of a moat surrounding the entire post. construction was frequently interrupted by mortar duels with the vc who subjected them to mortar and small arms fire. casualties were sustained by both sides. this sdc soldier received mortar fragments and an arvin mortar killed this guerrilla. harassing fire led to a disagreement between advisor in counterpart when johnston recommended clearing fields of fire in opposition to khan's desire to spare the coconut and banana trees. sdcston won his point and

johnston died in 1891. >>> who confessed in hi introduction that i love joe johnston.e other once by his kinman robert hughes, and for 50 or 60 years those were the only two biographies that were available. hood didn't have a biography at all until the middle of the 20th century. jaubs ton benefited from trends in civil war writing, meant that people writing about the war in georgia in atlanta didn't have much to work with and didn't spend a lot of time to people like pollard and greeley, food and others. the sources for writing the history of johnston's army are widely scattered. you could write a history of the confederate army of northern virginia, and never go more than 150 miles from richmond. and washington and baltimore to the north. and you couple that with charlottesville and the material in richmond itself. there's no point in going elsewhere to write a history of the confederate army in virginia. you have to go all over the map from austin, to tallahassee, to raleigh, to nashville, to baton rouge, to little rock, to san marino, to new york we're getting coll

johnston was.hen i finished my talk, they introduced him and he got up to give me this little figure of joe johnston that he had made. he had a rather sheepish look on his face, and he said, would you like me to take this and make one of hood? what are you going to do saw off one of the legs? i mean, that's what the doctor did. but it's a wonderful little thing. it's a nice item. anybody interested in the civil war would like to have this to put on the mantle piece. i was very glad to get it. i thanked him for it. took it back to the motel that night. i was going down to waco to speak to the roundtable down there and do some research at baylor. wrapped it up in an old dirty t-shirt, put it very carefully in my suitcase. went down to waco in the rental car the next day. spoke there, came back. went to the airport at dfw. checked the bag to go to washington because i was going up there to a smithsonian program, spend a few days at my brother's doing research in the archives. did that. jar still wrapp

johnston in spring 1864. few months before he died, a friend of his said, put some stuff in there before, and you can call it a memoir. that is why the memoirs are so strange. only 80 or 90 pages up to him joining jonhston than 300 pages of johnston. now we know what he was doing. he died suddenly. i personally think his publisher would have sent the manuscript back and said, give us a little more. but hood passed away. here are some of the new letters. a lot of people have heard, i would suppose, it is contended quite often that hood was writing the secret poison pen letters back to richmond, backstabbing joe johnston, trying to get him fired because he wanted his job. that is kind of the narrative. well, a couple of hood's letters sounded like he had been written to and was responding, but it was not clear. one letter in the boxes now proves he was. because this is a letter from louis t. wigfall, a confederate senator from texas and hood's superior earlier in the war. it is a letter to hood in dalton on apr

the glass bell jar was fine, but somewhere in the jarring around the little figure of joe johnston had gone -- that seems very symbolic. thank you people. i hope i've given you something to think about. [ applause ]

johnston, on the other hand, commanded a much smaller he had no authority, johnston, % sherman commandedwhat i believe today would be called an army group but that term didn't exist in the 1860s. he commanded three separate armies. the largest of the three separate armies, the largest of these was the army of the cumberland, which numbered close to 73,000 men at the start of the campaign, commanded by general george h. thomas, a professional soldier, and if you look again at the performance on the battlefield, thomas actually had a far more impressive record than william t. sherman. thomas, in fact, had won the first major military victory in the west up in kentucky in 1862. he had performed superbly at chickamauga, actually saved the union army at chickamauga, as many of you probably know. thomas' troops had shattered the confederate lines at missionary ridge. thomas was an impressive soldier. some historians argued thomas would have made a better commander of the federal armies during the atlanta campaign than sherman. but -- but thomas did not have a very good working relationship wit

of joe johnston that he had made. he had a rather sheepish look on his face and he said, would you like me to take this and -- and make one of hood? what are you going to on do? saw off one of the legs? i mean, that's what the doctor did. but it's a wonderful little thing. anybody interested in the civil war would like to have this to put on the mantle piece so i was glad to get it. i thanked him for it and i was going to waco to do some research at baylor, wrapped it up in old dirty t-shirts and put it carefully in my suitcase and went down to waco in the rental car the next day, spoke well and came back and went to the airport at dfw, checked the bag to go to washington because i was going up there to a smithsonian program. i spent a few days at my brother's doing research in the archives. did that, the jar still wrapped up in its t-shirt. went back after i finished to the airport, checked the bag to go back to my home in americas where i was living then and changed planes in atlanta and they changed the bag to the

correspondents covering both sides of the conflict and we are standing by in gaza and nicole on-johnstonerusalem but let's listen to the report from my colleague in gaza. >> reporter: the skyline once again blighted by war far after attempts for a 72-hour cease fire failed in cairo and then the grim familiar routine of the emergency response and tending to the injured. among the early casualties was a 12-year-old child who died after an israeli air strike. rockets have been fired at israel within seconds of the cease fire expiring. some intercepted by the iron dome missile system. then after israel's delegation pulled out of cairo, its military was ordered to launch attacks. the stricken people of the gaza strip has seen it all before and dread and knew heading for u.n. shelters, schools was the only answer. 4700 people are housed in this shelter. it has been full to capacity. during the 72-hour cease fire 1500 left to return to their homes. now they are all back, looking for water and food. among those who have returned is this family. their house is here and it was badly damaged but ha

i will not let side issues draw me off from your main plan in which i am to knock joe johnston and do as much damage to the resources of the enemy as possible. i think william tecumseh sherman understands what is expected of him in the coming campaign. and joseph johnston's army of tennessee is indeed to be the first target for sherman's combined army group of the military division of the mississippi. and he'll later summarize this strategy by saying he was to go for lee, and i was to go for joe johnston. that was the plan. the confederate armies would be the first target. but there had by 1864 to be a second target, and that was the war resources. that are mentioned in this order. because by 1864, the confederate states of america had created a capacity principally in central georgia and central alabama, and now you can turn to the handout that i've provided you, and in particular the side that is in the lower right-hand corner labeled number 1. the side with the map of the southeast of the united states on it principally. you'll notice there in central georgia, and central alabama,

johnston, and to break it up. then get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the damages you can against their war resources. at the same time, sherman was supposed to prevent johnston from detaching elements of his army to reinforce either lee's army in virginia or confederate forces out in louisiana. that is sherman's objective then in the atlanta campaign. if you look at sherman's record during the civil war, up until the spring of 1864, in many ways it's not that impressive. particularly if you look at his performance on the battle field. if you look at chickasaw bluffs in december of 1862, or december 1862, if you look at chattanooga and missionary ridge, sherman's, the attacks that sherman has launched in those battles have been piecemeal, they've been re pulsed. he doesn't have a particularly impressive record on the battlefield. sherman's reputation then today rests primarily on what he did in 1864 and 1865 to implement grant's grand strategy. sherman targeted not only

johnston and dr. gioia. one of the debates that occurring in the state of nebraska right now is you have a child, or high school student, that suffers a concussion during a game. so it's been diagnosed. what do you do next? right now the thought is, is you keep them home, or her home, dark, no electronics. that's kind of the known. there's a discussion whether that's appropriate or not, or to what length. what do you know? what would you recommend? >> i will tell you about how we handle things in alabama and i think a lot of what we do is based on the cdc guidelines, once an athlete is diagnosed, they are removed from the field of play and then there is evaluated. we use this gap, sport concussion assessment of which is a sideline-based assessment. we aussies afterwards as well and it's a quick mini inventory of neurological exam and neurocognitive function. when children have symptoms that persist, obviously they don't return to any sort of play or even escalation of activity until their symptoms have compl

>> reporter: as johnston spent almost 114 days in captivity, the bbc negotiated online. >> it turned out the message was coming from an intermediary sitting in germany. he was talking to us and talking to the kidnappers. and then channeling the messages from one to another. >> reporter: ultimately, the bbc reporter was freed. but only after the terror group hamas interceded on his behalf. >> for the last week i've thought of very little else, that hall lan was kidnapped for 114 days, jim felly had been in for nearly two years. i think it's hard to overstate the burden that that puts on someone who is living through a kidnap. >> reporter: a burden at least three more american families are facing tonight. for "nightline," brian ross, abc news, new york. >> and our thoughts go out to those families tonight. thanks to brian ross for that report. >>> up next for us, ready for one last summer vacation? ingenious scammers are looking for ways to take advantage of travelers. what to watch out for coming up next. of erectile dysfunction. ome degree talk to your doctor, if viagra is right for

let's go now to nicole johnston who joins in gaza. now nicole, i believe you are in an area where residence have been told that it's safe to return. how is it that this came about? >> reporter: well, people from the area had received word from the israeli army that they could now move back to their homes. we were just ate the an united nations schools right on the outskirts, and there were thousands of people there. they said they would not be returning back to their houses just yet even though they had received this word from the israeli army they didn't believe it. they don't think it's safe just yet. where we were we could still hear the shelling of tanks. certainly people are very nervous. we've had cease-fires come and go. people thought they would be safe to return home at various times and people have been injured or killed as they've done so. at this stage the people there, there are four and a half thousand of them, they said as much as they desperately wanting to home they've been living in this u.n. school for 17 days, they

wayne johnston and "the box score" they put johnson but it was wade johnston.e live d was wayne johnston and he lived in steubenville, ohio.d was wayne johnston and he lived in steubenville, ohio. actually after he refrird baseball, an older guy he ran a store, a bait and tackle store and specialized in selling worms. so that's what he did after his living. in addition to hitting a home run rogan struck out 12 that day. this is a pretty good player. abilene finally got a chance to see bullet rogan. but abilene did something that was quite a feat as well. a guy named haas and taylor first name unknown hit a home run off of rogan and the newspaper thought that was a great feat and they wrote it up. they said it is something to be proud of because he is considered one of the world's best pitchers. not the best pitcher in kansas or missouri, the world's best pitcher. they knew something back then about baseball. and once again, we can go back to foster's ledger and this is what we find. the monarchs take that day with bullet rogan, $420. and once again, if you take

earlier we spoke with nicole johnston who has been reporting from gaza. >> reporter: they're starting to get reports in from all of our sources in gaza along the borders. we're hearing they're pulling back from the area east, areas that have been heavily hit over the last few days as well as the area north o. some of the tanks are firing as they start to pull back. they're moving closer and closer to the israeli border. today the israeli army told the people in the area this is in the north of the gaza strip that they can return to their homes. we went up to that area to see where people decided to go back and went to an united nations school just on the outskirts of it. there were 4,000 people there desperate to go home living in a school that only had enough room for 1,000 people at most. they said as much as i wanting to home and they're desperate for it, they're not going to home right now they still don't think it's safe. there is false starts and stops and cease fires and problems as we know in gaza over the last few weeks. even though we're hearing word of tanks pulling back, t

we could see nicole johnston's piece, the health risks. water supply, the drinking water supply. what are the chance he that that might now become contaminated sufnlg it hasn't -- assuming it hasn't been already? >> the drinking water supply has been suffering critical lack of supply, because so many water pipelines have been destroyed during the air strikes. when the main power plant was completely destroyed, and now it's out of service, this affected pumping the water, the clean water into the houses of the gaza strip. which means now hundreds of thousands of people are out of water especially drinking water. talking about the situation in the shelters, where at least 400,000 people are sheltering, in schools and other public places, they have a cute shortages of clean and drinking water. now everyone is having only three liter of clean water a day. we at oxfam started to distribute clean water during the start of this operation but the need is huge on the ground. >> we saw on the report, how long would it take to get sewage system that

johnston was born on a navajo reservation. his parents were missionaries. at the age of five, he could speak fluent navajo, and by the age of 10 he was taken by the tribal elders to washington to help them negotiate their treaties. at the age of 18, he left the reservation, became a marine, fought in world war i, came back, got his degree at the university of southern california, and at the time of pearl harbor he's 52 years old. he is not going to be fighting in the war. but he went to the marines and said, look, i have an amazing idea. we need to bring navajos into the corps. train them how to be marines first of course, but then we're going to use their language to protect our communication. he was originally told, look, we don't do that kind of thing any more, but he begged to have a demonstration. the demonstration was -- permission was granted for the demonstration. it proved to be extremely impressive, and initially 20 navajos are trained. they are sent out to the fleet to see what the reaction will be. it was very positive. by the end of the war, ov

we going to execute, how are we going to turn this into a commercial regime which is what steve johnston, how are we going to get a power supply, gather in altogether . so the greatest team, whether it is the people who invented the transistor, the best the chip, the personal-computer, and it usually has a visionary engineering type but also hard-nosed business type, and that team posed together and creates things like apple or intel. >> host: putting innovators together to micro sourcing a little bit. >> guest: you know, the internet was invented in order to allow people to collaborate on research spirit that was the original author net done by the defense department and in the internet which is a gator research center and you want people at different research centers far away to help you shape your work or have this internet so that we can share things. so i thought one night, well , why don't i see if it still works that way. so i took some of the chapters in my book and early drafts of them, very early draft, and i just put them on line for everyone to read. and oddly enough some of

wayne johnston and "the box score" they put johnson but it was wayne johnston and he lived in steubenvilleohio. actually after he refrird baseball, an older guy he ran a store, a bait and tackle store and specialized in setting worms. so that's what he did after his living. in addition to hitting a home run rogan struck out 12 that day. this is a pretty good player. abilene finally got a chance to see bullet rogan. but abilene did some it was income. so, one other game i would like to talk about -- i usually talk about three or four games in every city. i try to pick some of the more interesting games to talk about. so one of the games i want to talk about -- i might mention the other games that i have in abilene were rain occupants and things like that. there's one in 1939 still trying to pull all the details to. there could be other times they came as late as 1955, usually when i go somewhere to speak there's an old baseball player in the audience that say hey they were here in 1952 and, you know, we played against them. so i'm always finding new information every where i go and that's q

in the meantime johnston county is doing everything that they can and in so the situation came to that they finally were able to set up the trial for january of 93. because the people were outraged and so you can imagine that the people were going to vote and the officeholders have been clearly identified and they ran to their aid and infuriated the people of wyoming area so what they wanted to do was put off the trial so it wouldn't be so much in the public mind. and a total landslide in 1892. the republicans through the rascals out. but the problem after that is that you had a case that because of the various shenanigans, i go back and reread the book and the one thing that shocks me is the complete hijacking of the judicial system and these men got away with murder. they were tried in cheyenne and at that time they couldn't be the jury and that was mostly because of a very bad ruling of a judge is saying that you have to try all the men together which meant that you could never see the jury and he had to let them all go. and i started writing a series of books on history starting in

army captain william johnston with his work on the republic of vietnam in the 1960s. that's all ahead here on c-span 3. >>> this labor day, on this c-span network, on c-span at 5:30 eastern an education department summit on bullying in schools. at 8:00, bill nye the science guy and ken hamm debate evolution. on c-span's 2 book tv james clyburn talks about his life from his youth in the jim crow south to his leadership position in the house of representatives. at 8:30 author civil a dukes morris on her book "price of fame." at 10:00 p.m. arthur lewis discusses the hidden world of high frequency stock trading. on c-span 3's american history tv at 7:15 p.m. eastern time, american artifacts look at declassified documents related to the 1964 gulf of tonkin. at 8:00, president warren hardings's love letters. and then that's followed by an interview with milton freeman. let us know about the programs you're watching. call us at 202-626-3400. on twitter use the #c123 or e-mail us at commentsass comments@c-span.org. >> each week reel america brings you archival films that help

we bring our coverage with nicole johnston. >> the al kasam brigade, the military wing of hamas has released a statement saying they don't know where the soldier is or anything about it. they did say however they had a mission which included a suicide bomber operating near rafah, after that team accomplished whatever it set out to do was hit by an israeli air strike. so if that team happened to have had an israeli soldier with them about al kasam brigade is saying he would have been killed by this israeli air strike. we have strikes carried out over different parts of the strip at least half a dozen inside gaza, a lot have been underway inside the southern town of rafah, more than 80 people have been killed there, a large mosque has been hit and a family of five have been killed. >> that's nicole johnston. >>> the senate approved $225 million for weapons for iron dome. house will take it up later tonight. hamas has fired nearly 3,000 rockets at israel since the fight began. jonathan betz has more. >> john, frustration grows in washington. on capitol support for israel and age are towards whi

nicole be johnston has the story. >> what happens after the ceasefire expires, 8:00 a.m. in the morning local timer. some reports are coming out from egyptian and israeli media that israel does favor idea of continuing the ceasefire without conditions attached. but hamas has not reached agreements. far apart on their demands in talks in cairo. reopening the rafah brotherhood crossing as well as a number of other demands and israel is talking about demilitarizing. something hamas would never agree to at this stage. >> nicole johnston reporting. >>> ceasefire talks as james bays explains leaders are on tremendous domestic and international pressure to under the violence. >> reporter: after 29 days of death and bombardment it's now time for diplomacy. but the talks taking place in cairo will be extremely difficult and all sides have plenty to lose. the israeli prime minister bmentbenjamin netanyahu is alrey under pressure. israeli public have high expectations. israeli rockets may have only killed three people in four weeks but they want them stopped completely. there are th

army captain william johnston on his work with the army of the republic of vietnam in the 1960s. in about an hour a new deal promotional video from 1938 on the importance of the mississippi river valley to the u.s. and that's all ahead on c-span 3. here's a look at what's ahead this labor day weekend on american history tv. saturday at 6:00 p.m. eastern the civil war and the atlanta campaign when the city fell to the union in september of 1864. coming up sunday at 6:30, supreme court chief justice john roberts on the history and significance of the magna carta. at 9:00 p.m. a look at sam ervin's time as chairman of the wear gate committee. and at 8:00 on monday love letters written by president harding. all of that coming up this weekend on american history tv here on c-span 3. >>> each week american history tv's reel america brings you archival films that helps tell the story of the 20th century. in an attempt to control the colorado river flooding and provide water to california and arizona the u.s. government began construction on hoover dam in 1931, one of the largest manmade

. >> nicole johnston is live for us in gaza, and nicole, good to see you again. now a lot of back and forth from--you're looking around. what's going on, first, let's start there. >> reporter: i'm just keeping an eye for things. nothing specific. >> what do we know about what happened this morning in gaza? >> reporter: there's two very different stories of what has happened. they say they had a suicide bomber go into a tunnel, emerge on the other side, kill two israeli soldiers and capture a soldier, however they say this all took place before the cease-fire formerly came into effect. this is being totally disputed by israel and backed up by the usa. they say this happened after the cease-fire started and for that reason the cease-fire and the humanitarian pause became null and void so to speak. they say it was a very heavy situation in gaza. most of it is concentrated in the southern area of rafa. it's during the three weeks of fighting that it has come from the town of rafa. very heavy tank shelling has been going on all day. people receiving messages saying th

. >> nicole johnston with the failure of the truce. >> reporter: as soon as the cease-fire started there were dozens of fishing boats for the first time out inside the support trying to fish going a few money meters out from shore. that's the first time we've seen that for a few weeks. there was a sense of optimism here. but as we've seen the events of the day have willingly changed things dramatically on the ground. 120 people have been killed across gaza today. it's a very high loss of life. and in rafa, fighting between the israelis and the palestinian factions, more than 65 people have been killed. we know that the area is still being heavily sheffield united. that people have been told by the israeli army to stay in the houses, not to go out on the streets, not to drive their cars. communication now is very difficult. we have not been able to get through on the phones. there is no electricity, so it's a terrible situation. reports as well that one of the hospitals, the front of it, the entrance, had also been hit. so it's going to be a very difficult night ahead i would imagine in g

there was applause that greeted ron johnston. can you contrast that with the mood right now and as importantly what in the conversations that you're having right no ru yo expecting we will witness later today people are fighting for the rights of the deceased michael browne. now it is becoming more shaky with the national guard coming in. new developments with the autopsy. these things are distracting us from what brought us here. some of the focus is shifting back to that, but with the national guard coming, maintaining this curfew, things are still in the air. right now everyone is just bracing for, again, another night of curfews, another night of tear gas, and rubber bullets? or could there be a sense of calm? it's too early to tell now, but people are bracing for what's to come. >> ryan, last thought to you, where do things go from here? >> that is the big question that we're sort of trying to figure out today. it's completely unclear. most people don't know what the ultimate goal is. protestors want someone locked up immedi

nicole johnston reports from gaza. >> took his bike to hoza to see what was left, not much. all he found at home was some is oolives. >> they shot the house from 10:00 to 5:00. he went back to get the bottle of olives. we have them stuffed for children. >> it is hard to believe this was a quiet village surrounded by farms. now it's a waste land. another neighborhood in gaza have been destroyed. homes and businesses under all this rubble. the people who live here are coming in to try to find whatever they can unde find to salvage under the concrete. >>> always lived in h-oza, since the war started, 40 members of his extended family have been killed. >> most of the bodies were dissolved. my urchg some 106 years. they -- my uncle is 106 years. we left him bleeding, his body, the smell everywhere, the smell of the bodies, that killed people, the rubbish, the chicken, the animals everywhere. >> reporter: in the middle of the house israel left this behind. the casing of a missile. close by, another family eat in the middle of the rubble, next to their old house. >> translator: we

army captain william johnston on his work of the army of vietnam in the 1960s and a new deal promotionalideo in 1938 all ahead here on cspan 3. >> here is a look at what's ahead this labor day weekend on american history tv. saturday at 6:00 p.m. eastern, the civil war and the atlanta campaign when the city fell to the union in september of 1864. coming up sunday at 6:30 supreme justice john roberts on the history of the magna carta. all of that coming up this weekend on american history tv here on cspan 3. each week american history tv's real america brings you archival films that help to tell the story of the 20th century. in an attempt to control the colorado river's flooding and provide water to arid regions of california and arizona, the u.s. began construction in 1931. the project employed over 21,000 workers and was completed ahead of schedule. next a 1955 department of the interior film about the planning and building of hoover dam. the story explains the engineering feats necessary for the structure. >> this is the story of hoover dam, one of america's seven modern civil enginee

nicole johnston, al jazeera, gaza. >> the united nations has been criminal of the campaign's toll on the population. israel disputes the number and says more than half of those killed were from islamic jihad and hamas. 30% of gazaens have been forced to flee their homes. 65,000 of them have lost their homes entirely and have nowhere to go. and earlier i spoke with daniel kirtzer former ambassador to egypt. i asked him if unlike other crease fires if this cease-fire might actually hold? >> i think the cease-fire is likely hold in its largest dimensions. israel will announce it's accomplished its military objectives destroying the tunnels and fighting back against the rockets. we heard today that the external leader of hamas has announced that they achieved their military objectives. the problem is as the underlying conflict goes on we're likely to see a recurrence of violence. this particular cease-fire may hold for a while. >> ambassador, what is the significance in your mind of egypt's role in the cease-fire? >> well, egypt has played quite a significant role. in the conflict they w