in 1954, a vaccine to prevent paralytic polio developed by jonas salk was tested in the largest fieldrial and medical history. in 1955, salk vaccine is safe and effective. the next challenge is production in quantity. a huge task, a complex process all detailed in this book. it is officially called a protocol. the manufacturer recalls every step in the production of one lot of vaccine. the first requirement is trained scientists and technicians. the equipment they use get scrubbed up. a scalding steam bath for 15 minutes. when it comes out, it is completely sterilized, ready for the job ahead. vital to the production of the vaccine are monkeys from the far east. given the best of care. another basic ingredient of the polio vaccine is being prepared. a rich, nourishing liquid called medium 199. 68 different elements going to medium 199. each is carefully checked, weight, and combined according to the formula. when all is thoroughly blended the medium is tested for absolute sterility. why this elaborate preparation? into medium 199 will go monkey kidney tissue, carefully minced by hand.

in 1954, a vaccine to prevent paralytic polio developed by jonas salk was tested in the largest fieldrial and medical -- field trials in medical history. finally in 1955, salk vaccine is safe and effective. the next challenge is production in quantity. a huge task, a complex process all detailed in this book. it is officially called a protocol. here, the manufacturer records every step in the production of one lot of vaccine. the first requirement is trained scientists and technicians. their every action is important starting with the scrub up. the equipment they use get scrubbed up. a scalding steam bath for 15 minutes. when it comes out, it is completely sterilized, ready for the job ahead. vital to the production of the vaccine are monkeys from the far east. given the best of care. meanwhile another basic , ingredient of the polio vaccine is being prepared. a rich, nourishing liquid called medium 199. some 68 different elements going to medium 199. -- go into medium 199. each is carefully checked, weight, and combined according to the formula. when all is thoroughly blended the med

that's because of vaccinations and jonas salk and public health., they're slaves to ideology and christie just doesn't have his footing. with paul it's sort of an excess of where he comes from and where he treads and what he believes. but i think christie comes off even worse than paul or anybody else. >> woodruff: and the measles debate goes on. there are states imposing new rules, school systems. it's>> it's survival. >> woodruff: mark shields dived brooks. thank you. >> woodruff: finally tonight, a program that is empowering young people, in one of the most dangerous countries on earth, to look at their future through a different lens. the newshour's anne davenport reports. >> reporter: can a camera be a tool for peace? that's one of the questions behind national geographics "photo camps." now in their 10th year operating around the world, one program focused on south sudan, known as the world's "newest nation." south sudan has been embroiled in a series of civil wars, the most recent 13-month conflict has killed more than 10,000 people dead, re

jonas salk and so many other american cures and breakthroughs that changed the world. private industry doesn't fund this sort of basic foundational science. it can't. this kind of science takes patience and time and a lot of investment. america is blessed with some of the best and most generous medical philanthropies in the world but they can't fill this funding gap. only we can do it. it takes our government to fund the science that leads to breakthrough cures. this shouldn't be a partisan issue and it shouldn't be a low-budget priority. i think it should be the highest. i ask my colleagues join me in supporting the american cures act. help save lives and restore american biomedical research leadership and strengthen america. as jonas salk who pioneered the polio vaccine would say -- quote -- "the only way we can lose is if we stop too soon." mr. president, i yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk will call the roll. quorum call: quorum call: the presiding officer: the senator from mississippi. mr. cochran: mr. president