we've seen that pretty recently in 2018 when state senator josh newman faced recall in orange county. he vastly performed the replacement candidate. kristen: hasasasas format always been like this, and is this typical or atypical when you look across the country? >> it's not atypical. there are three different types of recall formats generally. there's california's, which colorado has, which was done the same day. a number of other states have second day replacement votes so you remove the person, and then you have an election and replacement. in some states, that candidate could run as the replacement. on local levels, that person performs themselves. the other models are a new election where it's like, this person is facing a recall, but it's a new race. the third model, which oregon has, michigan has for governor, and a number of other places have, you would replace the candidate with whoever is next in line. it could be a new election, but in this case, the lieutenant governor would step into the governorship, but california doesn't have that law. kristen: it does seem like based