meanwhile, stalin dealt with his former allies, zenovyev and kamenyev and other groups in the party leadership his rivals, and became an absolute dictator. on may 31, 1961 , the republic of south africa appeared on the world map. previously it was british colonies that have been trying to free themselves from the rule of london since the end of the 19th century. in the war with european settlers, the boers, the british. won, but already in 1910 they had to grant self-government to these colonies, which united into the south african union. it received dominion status, and has now become a completely independent and independent state. in yura, the policy of apartheid was pursued, dividing the population along racial lines. in reality, all rights remained with the white minority, and africans were discriminated against, segregation and all kinds of humiliation. they could not move freely around the country. vote in elections, enter into mixed marriages. the african national congress, the anc, communists and other organizations fought for their rights, including with the help of the ussr. at the e