you see them everywhere in karachi.oncept works on the lines of this actually being a representation of the brides of the guys who drive them. obviously, you can climb on the roof, and who doesn't want to climb on the roof of a bus? why do you think a city like karachi needs something like this? there has been a disconnect between educated classes in karachi and the general population. what we have tried to do is eliminate that disconnect and show everyone that the culture that you have, the history that you have, and the city that you live in is for everybody, whether you live in a mansion or you live in a slum. and do you do this because you think karachi is misrepresented and it has a reputation it doesn't deserve? i will just say that there is so much more to karachi than we know. the cityjust has so much depth. it has depth in terms of the people who live here, the cultures that exist, the lifestyles, the architecture, there is just so much to see. there is something special about this mosque that i have to show yo

we had the restaurant in karachi, and due to partition we had to move to bombay.t can take minutes to destroy. 0ur base in karachi was totally destroyed. developing and bombay, it is hard work in bombay. it is not imported from karachi. well, this is the house where we had come and stayed here. it was almost like a dormitory. and all of those who came from karachi stayed with us for a number of years before we could establish alternative arrangements. the memory cannot be wiped out entirely, and therefore the pain is still there. the mockery of the whole thing is that it was not a question of i that religion or politics or state, then what was the cause of partition? after the wannacry attack in may caused chaos and confusion around the world, cyber security is at the forefront of many minds, especially for business. as ceo spent three decades fighting cyber crime with the fbi. he told my correspondent what companies can do to defend against cyber attacks. think about this. instead of starting with the technology, start with the adversary. there are really five ca

bbc news, karachi. this week on bbc world news. you can also visit our website for more information. simply go to bbc.com/partition. you'll find personal stories from people who went through partition at the time and an interactive timeline explaining why it happened. now, if you've ever contemplated a career change or are taking a newjob, this may be for you. some recruitment experts say the first 90 days of a newjob are crucial to a person's success. and a new staff member should treat a new role like an elite footballer would if he were joining a new club. simon lance, managing director of hays in greater china, told me how they came up with the parallel. i think there has always been a lot of comparisons between sports and the corporate world. in the context ofa the corporate world. in the context of a new employee and building a tea m of a new employee and building a team of successful of a new employee and building a tea m of successful em ployees, of a new employee and building a team of successf

so i decided it was time to check out karachi's music scene.cally, being a musician here has been hard. musicians and gigs have often been targeted by religious extremists. but i had heard that things were getting better and some great tunes and artists were coming out as a consequence. so on an insanely hot day injuly i find out more. 0n the breakfast show. official, on facebook, who is ultimately the control freak in yourcar? what are the radio rules? we have got simon who says, in my car i am the one in charge as i am the only one who sits in front. what is it like being a musician here? is it hard? it is but it has become a lot better to the point that we have actually come out and started doing more outdoor events. we have food festivals, we have music festivals. we have lots of concerts in the last year. people are not afraid any more to come out and go to a concert. what is the driving force? is that these kind of young musicians who are just like, i don't care, i'm going to be a musician? yes. there was a music festival that took place

the guard is at the mausoleum in karachi for the country's founding father, mohamed jinnah. now it's time for our newspaper review. what's making headlines around the world ? the story continuing to dominate the papers and online is the fallout from charlottesville. the guardian bears the headline: the article says the president fails to blame white supremacists. 0n the front of the financial times: the article claims there are calls for rigorous screening of foreign takeovers of european companies amid concerns at the surge of chinese investment into high—tech manufacturing, energy and infrastructure sectors. the times highlights a 50% rise in arrests of drunken airline passengers.

i went to one of karachi's universities to see what they think of pakistan today? every nation on the world knows mohammed jinnah, the father of the nation. do you think he would be happy with pakistan as it is today? he would be really happy seeing pakistan progressing every day. on this 70th anniversary

i went to one of karachi's universities to ask students what they think of muhammad jinnah and pakistan today. muhammadjinnah, it's the biggest name for pakistan. and every nation of the world. he is like a father. the father of the nation and he created pakistan. do you think muhammad jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? he would be happy. he would be really happy. pakistan is progressing every day, every second. on this 70th anniversary of independence, the country has grown very well and it is flourishing day by day and i hope it will prosper day by day. do you think that's muhammad jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? not that much. basically he would see the basic needs of the people are not fulfilling right now. much of the problem now is in the religion because people nowadays, they are not tolerant and they are too much emotional. crowds come to muhammad jinnah mausoleum to pay their

reeta chakra barti, bbc news, karachi. stay with us on bbc news. who's emerged victorious at the final golf major of the year? the big crowds became bigger as the time of the funeral approached. as the lines of fans became longer, the police prepared for a hugejob of crowd control. idi amin, uganda's brutalformer dictator, has died at the age of 80. he's been buried in saudi arabia, where he lived in exile since being overthrown in 1979. two billion people around the world have seen the last total eclipse of the sun to take place in this millenium. it began itsjourney off the coast of canada, ending three hours later when the sun set over the bay of bengal. welcome to bbc news. the latest headlines: the authorities of burkina faso says at least 17 people have been killed in a terrorist attack on a restaurant in the capital, ouagadougou. three jihadists have reportedly threejihadists have reportedly died as well, and people are said to still be in the building. the white house has rejected criticism of president trump's response to virginia's racism

reeta chakra barti, bbc news, karachi.tition of india. you can go to this website to find personal stories from people who went through partition and interactive timeline to explain why it happened 70 years ago. —— an. a reminder of our breaking story this hour. security forces in burkina faso have sealed off the centre of the capital after suspected jihadists open fire in a busy street. the government are calling it a terrorist attack. the country's communications minister said provisionally 17 have been killed, injured and set eight injured. reports say a hotel and popular turkish restaurant appeared to have been targeted. reports are they open fire on customers. for now, thank you for watching bbc world news. good morning. last week, the weather was pretty changeable, wasn't it? this week, it's more of the same i'm afraid. in fact, if we take a look back at last week, parts of eastern england had over 60 millimetres of rain. that's pretty close to a month's worth in just a 36—hour period. and certainly the south—east ha

reeta chakra barti, bbc news, karachi. a reminder of our breaking story this hour.fter suspected jihadists open fire in a busy street. reports say a hotel and popular turkish restaurant appeared to have been targeted. the country's communications minister said that provision only 17 people have been killed and eight others injured. the police and army have clashed with the gunmen and there has been sporadic gunfire heard by people in the area. we're keeping across that story and we will bring you any developments in 0uagadougou in the coming hours. i'm on twitter. get in touch if you want to. for now, thank you for watching bbc world news. good morning. last week, the weather was pretty changeable, wasn't it? this week, it's more of the same i'm afraid. in fact, if we take a look back at last week, parts of eastern england had over 60 millimetres of rain. that's pretty close to a month's worth in just a 36—hour period. and certainly the south—east has been the wettest of the weather. pretty much close to normal at the moment so far this august in scotland and northe

let's take you to karachi, where pakistan is celebrating its independence day. 70 years ago, pakistaned and partition split india into two nations. we will have a full report later in the programme on pakistan's independence day. the white house has defended president trump's response to the violence in charlottesville, virginia, after the biggest gathering of white nationalist groups in america for decades. it says he had condemned all extremist groups. a 20—year—old man has now been charged with murder, after a car was driven into a woman who was part of a demonstration against the far—right rally. laura bicker reports from charlottesville. after a violent day of division, charlottesville has come together to pray, to show that this city condemns the hate brought here by neo—nazis and white supremacists. the virginia governor went from row to row, hugging worshippers in this baptist church. he promised to keep politics out of the pulpit, but there was a message he felt he had to give. it is about politics in that the political rhetoric in this country today has bred bigotry. hundred

she never came to karachi. i don't know what happened to her.r, actually, in the school. but it's shocking that it was a teacher at the school who kept her, who raped her. that is the thing. i know the people living all your life, like brothers and sisters, neighbours... they attacked each other. tens of thousands of women were raped and abducted during this time on both sides of the border. decades after raj left his childhood home and his first love, he returned to karachi. the first thing i did, i took the dust from the ground and kissed it, put it on my forehead. i brought these two stones as a memory, as if i'm still connected with my soil, my birthplace. but he never saw yasmine again. today, khurshid lives in london. 70 years after partition, she still hasn't returned to india. i still don't want to go there. why? what are you afraid of? i'm still scared the people might kill me. harchet lives in hertfordshire, and is still affected by the loss of his homeland. it was a great tragedy, and we didn't like being friends one day and enemies n

in pakistan's former capital karachi, mohammad jinnah's home is preserved with ca re and reverence.an, but today his legacy is hotly contested. just what sort of nation did he envisage? mohammad ali jinnah, pakistan's first governor general. as the british left colonial india, jinnah was desperate to secure the rights of the muslim population. the answer was a separate state, pakistan. our objective should be peace within and peace without. but peace seems often to have eluded this nation, both within and without. poverty and security remain major issues and the debate over the role of islam rages on. a powerful message of inclusion... for this leading politician, jinnah's vision was for a secular pakistan, one that hasn't been fulfilled. i think mrjinnah would still be looking at moving us forward if he were here today. he made it very clear, it tolerated all religions, but we haven't been exactly the epitome of total inclusion that he sought. that's because others see islam as central to jinnah's vision. the constitution, they say, is islamic in nature and successive governments h

i went to one of karachi's universities to asked what students thought ofjinnah and pakistan today.er of the nation. he created pakistan. do you think mohammed jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? he would be happy. he would be happy to see pakistan progressing every day, every day, every second. on this 70th anniversary of independence, the country is doing well, it is flourishing every day. i hope it will flourish more every day. mansour, do you think that jinnah would be happy? he would see the basic needs of the people — the basic needs of the people are not fulfilling right now. much of the problem lies in the religion. because people nowadays, they have — they are not tolerant. i mean, they are too much emotional. crowds come tojinnah's mausoleum to pay their respects. the country he founded was rocked again, last month, when the prime minister was forced to resign over corruption charges. finding political stability seems to be one of pakistan's biggest challenges. reeta chakrabarti, bbc news. ok, let's take a look at the weather, now. good morning. last week,

in pakistan's former capital karachi, mohammadjinnah‘s home is preserved with care and reverence.tion of pakistan, but today his legacy is hotly contested. just what sort of nation did he envisage? mohammad ali jinnah, pakistan's first governor general. as the british left colonial india, jinnah was desperate to secure the rights of the muslim population. the answer was a separate state, pakistan. our objective should be, peace within and peace without. but peace seems often to have eluded this nation, both within and without. poverty and security remain major issues and the debate over the role of islam rages on. a powerful message of inclusion... for this leading politician, jinnah‘s vision was for a secular pakistan, one that hasn't been fulfilled. i think mrjinnah would still be looking at moving us forward if he were here today. he made it very clear, it tolerated all religions, but we haven't been exactly the epitome of total inclusion that he sought. that's because others see islam as central to jinnah‘s vision. the constitution, they say, is islamic in nature and successiv

i have been to the city of karachi to speak to the people there.capital of the country following independence and the birthplace of its founding father mohammed jinnah. it is pakistan's birthday, and at every street corner there are flags and celebration. but its 70 years have been very mixed. it was founded as a democracy but has had military rule and people argue whether its founder mohammed jinnah wanted a secular state or an islamic one. i went to one of karachi's universities to ask students what they think of mohammed jinnah and pakistan today. mohammedjinnah, it is the biggest name for pakistan and even every nation of the world, he is like a father, father of the nation. and he created pakistan. and do you think mohammed jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? he would be happy, he would be really happy seeing pakistan today progressing every day, every second. on this 70th anniversary of independence, the country is doing very well and it is flourishing day by day. and i hope it will get more prosperous day by day. and mansour,

in pakistan's former capital karachi, mohammadjinnah's home is preserved with care and reverence.legacy is hotly contested. just what sort of nation did he envisage? mohammad ali jinnah, pakistan's first governor general. as the british left colonial india, jinnah was desperate to secure the rights of the muslim population. the answer was a separate state, pakistan. our objective should be peace within and peace without. but peace seems often to have eluded this nation, both within and without. poverty and security remain major issues and the debate over the role of islam rages on. a powerful message of inclusion... for this leading politician, jinnah's vision was for a secular pakistan, one that hasn't been fulfilled. i think mrjinnah would still be looking at moving us forward if he were here today. he made it very clear, it tolerated all religions, but we haven't been exactly the epitome of total inclusion that he sought. that's because others see islam as central to jinnah's vision. the constitution, they say, is islamic in nature and successive governments have failed to impl

so i decided it was time to check out karachi's music scene. were getting better and some great tunes and artists were coming out as a consequence. so on an insanely hot day injuly i find out more. what is it like being a musician here? is it hard? it is, but it has become a lot better to the point that we have actually come out and started doing more outdoor events. we have food festivals, we have music festivals. we have lots of concerts in the last year. people are not afraid any more to come out and go to a concert. what is the driving force? is that these kind of young musicians who arejust like, i don't care, i'm going to be a musician? yes. there was a music festival that took place in lahore about a month ago. a week before the event there was a really tragic bomb blast took place in lahore, so we had to figure out whether we were going to have the event or not these after that. we ultimately decided to do it. not out of any other reason than the fact that it should happen regardless of what is happening in the city. and that was amazin

the voices of some young people there in karachi. i am joined by another young pakistani.ian. thanks for joining me. you only in your 20s. what does independence from india... independence from britain and partition, the splitting from india, what does it mean to you? jo independence does not necessarily mean freedom. we are independent in the sense we have our own cultural values that are separate from the british and indians. however, ifeel that there is still a bit of a problem here in terms of not being able to speak freely and do things really. although that is changing now. in most aspects of pakistani politics and social awareness, there has been a bit of a change. it means having a separate identity but also striving more for freedom. many people have said that the horrors of partition have caused an abiding mistrust and suspicion between india and pakistan, which we see played out of the political level all the time. what about amongst the people? do you have indian friends? have a lot of indian friends and a lot of my friends have indian friends. we share cultura

the celebrities included a ceremonial changing of the guard is at the mausoleum in karachi for the country'sinnah. now it's time for our newspaper review. what's making headlines around the world ? the story continuing to dominate the papers and online is the fallout from charlottesville. the guardian bears the headline: the article says the president fails to blame white supremacists. 0n the front of the financial times: the article claims there are calls for rigorous screening of foreign takeovers of european companies amid concerns at the surge of chinese investment into high—tech manufacturing, energy and infrastructure sectors. the times highlights a 50% rise in arrests of drunken airline passengers. an investigation also found cabin crew described being groped, abused and physically assaulted by inebriated passengers. chile's energy transformation is the headline for the international edition of the new york times, with a look at south america's first geothermal energy plant. according to the article, chilean officials believe they're on track to rely on clean sources for 90% of the co

we could not import our customers from karachi.ui’ customers from this is the house where we came and stayed. it was almost like a dormitory. all our employees came and stayed with us for a number of yea rs before we and stayed with us for a number of years before we could establish our business again. the memory cannot be wiped out entirely. the pain is still there. the mockery of the whole thing is that it was not a question of religion or politics or state. then what was the cause of partition? plenty more on partition on our website, and you can get in touch with me on twitter. we will be back for the papers shortly. new scientific research has cast doubt on the notion of fat but fit, the idea that overweight people can still be healthy. researchers from two top uk universities found that carrying extra weight can increase the risk of heart disease by more than a quarter — even in people who are otherwise healthy. 0ur health correspondent sophie hutchinson has more. british sumo wrestlers in training for their next competition.

reeta chakrabarti is in the pakistani city of karachi for the celebrations and sent this report.tans birthday and at every street corner, there are flags and celebrations. but it's 70 years have been very mixed. it was founded as a democracy, but has had military rule. people argue whether it's founder, muhammad jinnah, wanted a secular state or an islamic one. i went to one of karachi's universities to ask students what they think of muhammad jinnah and pakistan today. muhammadjinnah, it's the biggest name for pakistan. and every nation of the world. he is like a father. the father of the nation and he created pakistan. do you think muhammad jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? he would be happy. he would be really happy. pakistan is progressing every day, every second. on this 70th anniversary of independence, the country has grown very well and it is flourishing day by day and i hope it will prosper day by day. do you think that's muhammad jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? not that much. basically he would see the basic needs of the people are

reeta chakrabarti sent this report from karachi.tion. but its 70 years have been very mixed. it was founded as a democracy but has had military rule and people argue whether its founder mohammed jinnah wanted a secular state or an islamic one. i went to one of karachi's universities to ask students what they think of mohammed jinnah and pakistan today. mohammedjinnah, it is the biggest name for pakistan and even every nation of the world, he is like a father, father of the nation. and he created pakistan. and do you think mohammed jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? he would be happy, he would be really happy seeing pakistan today progressing every day, every second. on this 70th anniversary of independence, the country is doing very well and it is flourishing day by day. and i hope it will get more prosperous day by day. and mansour, do you think that mohammed jinnah would be happy with pakistan as it is today? basically he had seen the basic needs of the people, and they are not being fulfilled right now. much of t

against donald trump after he accused the country of harboring terrorists crowds took to the streets of karachi on sunday chanting death to america tried to make their way to the u.s. consulate the pakistani foreign ministry earlier rejected trump's allegations saying no country in the world has suffered more than pakistan from the scourge of terrorism the statement went on to describe washington stance as disappointing as ignores the enormous sacrifices made by the pakistani nation. well u.s. presidents rebuke all of pakistan came as he announced his new strategy for afghanistan and it marked a complete reversal of his pre-election promise we will also expand authority for american armed forces to target the terrorist and criminal networks afghanistan is a total and complete disaster let's get with it get out of afghanistan although his administration hinted at a boost in troop numbers in afghanistan from chose to keep the exact figure a secret something called the nato allies to make a greater contribution in afghanistan the president's new plan that provides no time frame or withdrawal and w

torrential rains also left streets submerged in pakistan's port city of karachi. local meteorologists say the adverse weather conditions are set to continue across the country. forty odd lives out of control people awaiting in waist high water vehicles of broken down people have to push their vehicles. traffic is gone now. seems to be now and so on is not. rains regularly trigger floods in south asian nations during the monsoon season. which runs from june through september. in the early hours of the thirty first of august twenty years ago newsreaders across the world broke the news that princess diana was dead. the thirty six year old died in hospital here in paris following a car crash in the capitals on my time. funds of the princess of come throughout the day this thursday to lay flowers on place messages. of the golden flame of liberty stunt she. on official memorial to diana. from the twenty fourth nearly takes a look back. work. the woman. then the british prime minister tony blair described as being. the people's princess. prince charles and lady diana spe

s the country of harboring terrorists crowds took to the streets of karachi on sunday chanting death to america and tried to make their way to the u.s. consulate islamabad earlier rejected trump's allegation saying no country in the world has suffered more than pakistan from the scourge of terrorism the statement went on to describe washington stance as disappointing as it ignores the enormous sacrifices made by the pakistani nation. well the u.s. president's rebuke of pakistan came as he announced his new strategy for afghanistan at a mall to complete reversal of his pre-election promise we will also expand authority for american armed forces to target the terrorist and criminal networks afghanistan is a total and complete disaster let's get with it get out of afghanistan although his administration hinted at a boost in troop numbers in afghanistan trump chose the exact biggest secret and he called on nato allies to make a greater contribution in afghanistan the president's new plan there provides no timeframe for withdrawal we asked people in afghanistan what they think about the u

it is here we could see some flash flooding, or example in karachi.and bangladesh. to deteriorate, the same in buttin, and nepaland bangladesh. feeding the monsoon rain clouds even more. this is in areas where rivers are already at record flood levels. more rain certainly unwelcome. in europe, a line of storms from eastern spain, east france towards germany. to the south and east of that, sunshine and heat. to the north—west, things drying out but starting to feel much cooler. temperatures lower than what we've seen in the last few days. that is the case in the uk. more details on that coming up in half an hour. hello, i'm ros atkins, this is 0utside source. we start in the united states again. huston continues to face flooding, and the storm has made landfall in louisiana. never is more rain to come. north korea says the firing of this missile overjapan was only the first step. in venezuela, the new constituent assembly has unanimously voted to put opposition leaders on trial for treason. in response, this is what the u.n. high commissionerfor human

if present can threaten pakistan on pox on can say we're just going to shut down the port of karachi. and you can find the water in afghanistan on your own so then the question for trump. it would become does he want to go to war with a country a hundred and eighty million. people. but can pakistan actually do anything about this or is the situation under control. yeah he can do a lot and it has been doing a fair amount as well. and it has been cooperating maybe not a hundred percent but he has been doing a lot but he could do even less than what it is doing. but all in there is a sense that parker sonny just the silver bullet to this problem. and and that's not the case so there are other elements of this including shoring up the afghan government including coming up with a regional. as strategy that would get iran russia pakistan on the same page including also if either is really serious about diplomacy putting a political. road map on the table what should i do and also talks with the taliban will read seem to be leading to that how realistic is fussing that they failed last time

have a area of wet weather now sliding into pakistan, there could be flash flooding for places like karachile mumbai will be drying out after an exceptionally wet last few days. conversely it's been drier over the last few days across bangladesh and nepal but the flooding has been so significant over recent weeks that a couple of drier days will not sort out the problem. remember the big lump of cloud working in from the east, the re m na nts of cloud working in from the east, the remnants of an old tropical storm, that will be in hunting the rainfall in eastern india, bangladesh and nepal once again as we go through the next few days, so there is the risk of some further flooding. tokyo has been forthright about the potential impact of brexit on its companies based in britain. 100 days after militants in the philippines loyal to islamic state occupied the southern city of marawi, president rodrigo duterte says the battle there has entered its final stages. he was speaking shortly after government troops secured a vital bridge. 800 people have been killed and hundreds of thousands of people

have an area of wet weather now sliding into pakistan, there could be flash flooding for places like karachi while mumbai will be drying out after an exceptionally wet last few days. conversely it has been a little bit drier over the last few days across bangladesh and nepal but the flooding has been so significant over recent weeks that a couple of drier days will not sort out the problem. and remember, that big lump of cloud working in from the east, actually the remnants of an old tropical storm, that will be enhancing the rainfall in eastern india, bangladesh and nepal once again as we go through the next few days, so there is the risk of some further flooding. britain's prime minister, theresa may, is midway through a three—day visit to japan aiming to ease concerns about brexit and prepare the way for a trade agreement. mrs may has described japan as a "like—minded nation," and a natural trading partner. but tokyo has been forthright about the potential impact of brexit on its companies based in britain. 100 days after militants in the philippines loyal to islamic state occupied the so

while across the new border in karachi mohammed ali jinnah was sworn in as the governor general of another new state and muhammad ali jinnah. laws hommage to the bus stop pakistan. the partition of hindu majority india and muslim majority pakistan sparked a mass migration. as over ten million muslims hindus and sikhs rush to get on the right side of the dividing line. among them was a twelve year old boy named so hinder nas chopra. now eighty one chopra still thinks of the pakistani village is hindu family left behind laveen and average was very good. and you start to miss holiday. you start to think about. but does it like over there. that and we started dream about it. i still dream unload at and then i'm gonna give you pick your own religious you're mowing in my head. chopra's family was one of the lucky ones. around one million people died in the sectarian violence triggered by ththe partition. as violence rape and murder became commonplace between the two communities. sean sony so was ten when she saw her muslim father grandfather and uncles killed by hindu mobs. i might have made it

and the travel show heads to pakistan to check out the music scene in karachi.ood evening and welcome to bbc news. the government says it wants an independent review, of the cost of energy, just days after british gas raised standard electricity prices, by 12.5%. the business secretary, greg clark, says the review will look at how prices can be kept low, while ensuring the uk meets climate change targets. here's our business correspondent joe lynam. how much we pay for our energy, to run our households and companies, always ignites our passions. policies like capping energy prices to support working families... that's why theresa may promised a price cap and an independent probe into the energy sector before the general election. the cap may have been shelved, but this oxford university professor, dieter helm, has only three months to find out where any fat can be trimmed from our energy bills. he says he will sort all the facts from the myths about pricing energy costs, but some consumer groups are sceptical. prices are a very real problem for families across b

williams at harvard, an author, an expert on urbanization, what is happening in these megacities, karachidacha and so on, is that they are urbanizing from a much poor level. the u.s. had a successful agricultural economy, had an excess of workers on the farms, and then they saw opportunities in the cities. these cities are not having that. we are coming from a position of trust subsistence agriculture in many cases -- they are coming from a position of subsistence agriculture in many cases. oliver: new york, this is a city that, early on, even though there were a lot of people coming here, there was an industrialization process happening to support that. in these other cities, southern cities, is it more about the economy not being able to keep up with the number of people coming in? >> it is partly just the speed of a transition. if you take people in a little bit at a time, you can build up the infrastructure to help them. if they just come in wave after wave, you cannot do it. i'm trying to not just be negative in this piece because there are things that can be done. and i focus on a c

the difference i think, and i this, to ed glaeser about what is happening in these theirties, karachifrom a much poorer level. the u.s. had a successful agriculture economy, and sets of workers on the farms essentially , then they saw opportunities in the cities. these countries are not having that. a positionming from of subsistence agriculture in many cases. they are desperate -- they go to the city looking for opportunity. -- for so this is a case example, new york, this is a city early on, even though a lot of people came, there was infrastructure and an industrialization process to support that. is it now in these other cities, the southern cities, is it more about the economy not being able to keep up with the number of people coming in? >> it is partly the speed of the transition. a you take people in a bit at time you can build out the infrastructure to handle them. if they come in wave after wave you can't do it. i'm trying not to be negative in this piece because there are things that can be done and i focus on a couple of small cities that most people have -- inheard of nor