immediately to my right is professor asa kasher.professor kasher is currently a professor emeritus of professional ethics and philosophy of practice and professor emeritus of philosophy at tel aviv university in israel. professor kasher has written more than 200 papers and several books in various areas of philosophy including military ethics which won the national price for military literature. professor kasher wrote the first code of ethics for the idf, the israeli defense force, an idf document on the military ethics of fighting terror and an idf document on the ethics of this engagement. he has served as the chair or member of numerous governmental and other public lobbies and in 2000, he won the prize of israel, the highest national price for his contribution in philosophy. immediately next to professor kasher is professor george lucas. george lucas is the class of 1984 distinguished chair in ethics in the vice admiral jane b. stockdale center for ethical leadership at the united states laid -- naval academy, my former home and

kasher is going to disagree with me. the question is how much additional risk combatants should be prepared to accept. i want to try to draw a couple of the threads together. answering that, i think it was already pointed out that there might be some kind of definitive formula, and that is not going to work. but what you can say is a statement of fact. if you have military personnel who are trained and equipped for conflict and if you have civilians who are self evidently armed, it seems to me that which one is more likely to survive, other factors being equal, in a combat zone. the fact that combatants should be able to have additional risk seems straightforward. the degree to me comes down to the character of the environment you are actually in. the burden of risk transfer that you are prepared to accept is completely dependent upon the environment. if you are in a war of national survival, clearly you are going to be willing to accept a higher civilian death toll from your military activity and have to be prepared to