joining us now is kathleen brooks, research director at the trading platform xtb. already, but the question remains whether the ecb will cut again in october and december. what do you expect? is there room to cut rates further? they certainly didn't get any clues from christine lagarde, they aren't willing to pre—commit, no forward guidance and with anything, they sounded and with anything, they sounded a bit more hawkish, less likely to cut interest rates but in terms of the market reaction, it is almost as if they don't believe the ecb. the growth outlook in the ecb is weak, they cut their growth outlook at this meeting as well and we know there are lots of problems in germany so think it is quite natural that the market is expecting the ecb to still cut in october and december this year, even though they have said today they aren't recommitting and i think with the problems in the economy, particularly for germany and its industrial sector which is really facing massive challenges, there has been big problems with the car sector for example this week, i think we

thanks to kathleen brooks of xtb.lence today. 30,000 workers at its plants in washington state and oregon begin voting shortly on a new four—year contract that could see them walk out on strike. the proposed agreement has been recommended to workers by the iam union — and includes a pay rise of 25% over the next four years. but not everyone is happy with the deal — which falls far short of their original demands — which included a 40% pay rise. the vote — which closes at 5pm pacific time, just under 8 hours — is a key test for new boeing ceo, kelly 0rtberg, who was brought in to restore confidence in the aerospace giant after a string of safety and quality issues. joining me now is ritika gupta, north america business correspondent. what is at stake here? a lot is at stake here. _ what is at stake here? a lot is at stake here. the _ what is at stake here? a lot is at stake here. the new- what is at stake here? a lot is at stake here. the new ceo i at stake here. the new ceo kelly 0rtberg has sent a letter to employees

kathleen: thank you so much. director of the duke-margolis institute for health policy [applause] [applause] . >> please welcome our panel of experts to the stage. senior fellow at the brookings institution center on health policy. michael klein rock, lead research director for the institute for human data science. and heather zink, president of the u.s. supply chain for san. there a member organization of our sponsor hda. >> i want to start with you. you heard the previous two or three conversations this morning. i was wondering when you look at iqvia's numbers on the shortage crisis, what you find is behind the drug shortages we have been experiencing? does it comport with what the other panels say is responsible? >> i was a history major, so i hoard bits of data going back a long way, we did a report in 2012 on shortages. when we revisited this last year, we saw similar things but i see shortages being caused by market events. primarily what this is, is we had a backlog of generic manufacturer applications to bring generics to the market. so we fixed it. fda approved a whole bunch more generics over a number of years. three or 400 generics introduce each year, they double