as we have mentioned, legal adviser koh's speech has turned into several areas that i will turn to in a moment. one of the questions we asked ourselves is why these questions about the standards and rationale is about target operations are being raised now in this particular manner. scholars and experts have identified a number of factors to differentiate this by conflicts. some scholars have pointed to the a share of geographic and tempura boundaries. we noted earlier that his speech referred to the conflict taking place in afghanistan and elsewhere. scholars have raised questions about the geographic boundaries. they have opposed questions about when will this end? another issue is the identity of whom the u.s. is attacking remains nebulous. the have highlighted the unprecedented level of the involvement of the cia. former specialists at the u.s. department of defense noted that drones are being used in civilian contacts. and number of experts have argued that technology is allowing them to use force outside of conventional battlefield. as we consider how to examine these issues and