south korean society.ife is originally from north korea. she's also the company's vice president. kim jong ho is registered with the agency. after working as a taxi and truck driver, the 38-year-old began working as a used car salesman just over a year ago. he says that the ongoing recession is affecting sales. he's dated several south korean women in the past but it's never worked out well. during lunch he checks the profile of a perspective partner from the north korean match making agency. she's 35 years old and 158 centimeters tall. he doesn't have very high hopes but he's agreed to the meeting any way. the rendezvous takes place at a coffee shop suggested by the agency. he arrives 30 minutes early and waits patiently. the woman comes from a poor family. she fled from north korea to china when she was 22 to try to earn some money to send back home. she spent the next ten years living in various places. after realizing it was too dangerous to return to north korea she decided to settle in south korea. t

now korean entertainment and the korean cultural industry is worth billions of dollars. >> yes, export figures for 2012 were $4.7 billion and they expect to double by 2017. this is why anyone in the government who was put on the pop culture project, which probably sounds like fun to you, but it is probably the most stressful job in korea right now. >> a whole ministry dedicated to it. >> there is a separate subsection for television, music, fashion, and it is all public funds. so you have some who thought they would do something like deforestation projects and instead they are being pop-culture impresarios. >> explain how active the government is in its support of korean culture and exports. >> this is unprecedented in world history that a government has made a national priority of making korea the number one pop-culture exporter in the world. it is entirely run by the government, made possible by the fact korea is the only capitalist liberal democracy in the world that can, when necessary, function as a command economy. >> would you say it is working? we have seen some success. is it

so we could target any north korean government agency target any north korean government official andapply sanctions with respect to any individual or entity. that gives us -- >> and i think that is where we need to focus. the foreign trade bank just designating north korean institutions is not going to curtail the kind of hard currency that the regime uses in order to continue to expand their icbm program. >> and that is what we are trying to do identify their notes why that was a success was not with respect to the specific action but it tied up about $25 million of north korean money. the real impact was that it created a chilling effect throughout the financial system. we still live in that world today. that action and many others have made it harder. >> that's why we have legislation from the senate. my observation at the time was it was not just that bank but a dozen others all willingly doing business in laundering or doing business with north korea, and once those accounts were frozen not only could he not pay his generals but i worked with defectors who said that program came

north korean cyberattacks against sony are not new.north korea regularly attacks south korean banks and businesses. also, there's a changing view of north korea by its neighbors, and only economic sponsored. china and south korea changed their views. the south korean president used to be lukewarm to talk about a unified korea. today the south korean president speaks openly of reunification and of the enormous economic benefits of that unification. china is frustrated that north korea ignores its request to freeze or dismantle its nuclear program, but the nuclear armed north korea, south korea and japan will want object need to develop a nuclear weapons program. china increasingly is viewing north korea as a strategic liability, not an asset. china views north korea as a growing threat to china's stability. and china's ties to south korea have flourished. and china's president, regular visits south korea and not north korea. so while the discussion here is centered on cyberattacks i think there's a larger discussion that needs to take p

i think the north korean government bears sole responsibility for the north korean people, but i do take your point that the goal is to try to put pressure on the elites. i think it's precisely but the banks system, because that's where they acquire the hard currency, the luxury goods, the other things that make their lives meened, that make the system run as far as the system actually runs. so that's what we are trying to do. we're trying to identify their sources of currency. one of the important sources for example, is conventional arms sales. that's why we targeted eight officials in our recent round the sanctions a couple weeks ago. these are individuals who operate in places like africa, who are raising hard currency for the regime, and we're trying to cut off that as a source. as the chairman said, we tried to identify the points of action so they can't repatriate the funds or use the funds they do have. this goes an effort that's been ongoing for ten years. it's a hard target, their needs are relatively small, it make it effective when we put or finger on a node, we can have impa

korean institute.t year columbia journaling school, i was in touch with a korean-american, and he said you have to read "the orphan master's son." i read it. i read about the man that wrote it. i could not see that he spent any extensive time in korea or speaks korean. his bio does not indicate that. i read the parts about the abducting issue. in my former job, i interviewed a mother a few times in tokyo. i don't know if he is psychic. i have been to north korea but not pyongyang, and his description, the pulitzer, how was he able to write that book when we're talking about how hard it was to get access. i know part was his imagination and part had details that were quite perceptive. >> it was a work of fiction. we should keep in mind, and also i think anyone can write a book based on what is available in north korean propaganda, which is what he did. it is not reflective of what life is look on the ground. >> but novelist have a long history of holding a mirror up and some do it very well. the comment

and we did penalize the north koreans, thank you mr. glazer, but not the enablers, the cuban regime. why not sanction cuba for aiding and abetting the north koreans. now this shipment of military hardware, i just read a little snippet of parts of what it entailed were traveling from cuba to north korea in containers filled with sugar quickly melting sugar. officials stopped it at the canal and the north korean captain attempted to commit suicide. he didn't try to commit suicide because he feared u.n. sanctions or he feared u.s. sanctions. he feared the revenge of kim jong-un. now i want to know why we don't sanction cuba for aiding and abetting the north koreans and why didn't we work with the u.n. so the u.n. could impose their sanctions. you correctly point out ambassador kim, that sanctions are important. this is what the u.n. response was. this is the security council committee for -- four-page strongly worded memu. that is what cuba got. it said the concealed arms and illicit cargo to conclude the hazardous cargo was not declared o

i think the north korean government bares seoul responsibly for the misery of the north korean people. but i do take your point that the goal is to try to put pressure on the elite's. and i think that it is precisely access to the national financial system that we can do that because that's the benefit. that's how the elites acquired the hard currencies that chairman talked about, the luxury goods, the other things that make their life pleasant. that me, you know the system run as far as the system actually runs. so that's what we are trying to do. we are trying to identify their sources of currency. one of the important sources for example, is conventional arms sales. that's why we targeted eight officials in a recent around the sanctions a couple weeks ago. these are individuals who operate in places like africa who are raising hard currency for the regime, and we are trying to cut that off at the source but as the chairman said we'd try to identify the point of access so they can't repatriate the funds or they can't use the funds that they do have. we have identified a number of ba

and less north koreans have managed to defect in recent years. we've been asked not to reveal their identities or where they live because even though they have left the country they are still afraid. we are changing their names and distorting their voices at their request. kim min-su ("kim min soo") and ahn su-bin (on soo bin") escaped separately across the river to china. >> did you ever feel in danger? >> su-bin told us she had wanted to leave north korea ever since her father was swept up in a purge when she was 14. >> she said after her father disappeared her family was exiled from pyongyang. >> the government only allowed us to speak to people that were approved by them. of the people you know what is the general feeling among the population? >> in 2013 the united nations released a groundbreaking report on human rights abuses in north korea concluding their abuses - including forced labor deliberate starvation, torture, and the complete denial of the right to freedom of thought quote "have no parallel in the contemporary world" when he was

than korean. we did interviews in seoul and in seattle and we also did hundreds of e-mails. c-span: i want to show picture view in front of the story in seoul. what were the circumstances? >> guest: this was during one of our weeks of interviews in seoul and 2009. c-span: how tall are you in how tall is he? >> guest: i am six-foot one inch and he is about 5 feet 6 inches. maybe 5 feet 5 inches. he is wanted for malnutrition and disarms her bowed from childhood labor. most of the male population of north korea suffers from malnutrition. when males come to south korea and now they're about 30,000 of them they are on average now according to the south korean government more than 5 inches shorter than their south korean contemporaries. that's an amazing statement about the nutrition and south korea. c-span: where is the two-day? >> guest: today he's in washington because we are promoting the book but he had moved six or seven months ago from the united states back to seoul where he is doing web broadc

i think the north korean government bears sole responsibility for the north korean people, but i do take point that the goal is to try to put pressure on the elites. i think it's precisely but the banks system, because that's where they acquire the hard currency, the luxury goods, the other things that make their lives meened that make the system run as far as the system actually runs. so that's what we are trying to do. we're trying to identify their sources of currency. one of the important sources for example, is conventional arms sales. that's why we targeted eight officials in our recent round the sanctions a couple weeks ago. these are individuals who operate in places like africa who are raising hard currency for the regime, and we're trying to cut off that as a source. as the chairman said, we tried to identify the points of action so they can't repatriate the funds or use the funds they do have. this goes an effort that's been ongoing for ten years. it's a hard target their needs are relatively small, it make it effective when we put or finger on a node we can have impact. so it

korean central television has been airing new documentary films of kim. one scene shows him in the cockpit of a plane with his hands on the controls. it's apparently an attempt to present kim in a fresh way in contrast to his father who rarely travelled by airplane. the north korean calendar shows the current leader's birthday is a workday with no major celebrations expected. that is in stark contrast with the birthdays of his grandfather and father. both dates are designated as national holidays and are marked with major events across the country. yet the public appears to be very aware it is kim jong-un's birthday. people working in trade say north koreans will commemorate the day in their workplaces. kim is believed to have turned 32 years old. >>> north korean leaders remain defiant over accusations of hacking. they again denied any involvement in last month's cyberattack on sony pictures entertainment. the national defense commission released a statement. it urges the u.s. government to retract sanctions imposed in response to the attack and it says

the ordinary things north koreans do to many. at sony you would have thought might have raised some alarm bells. apparently it didn't. sony executives saying they never received any particular warning. >> so from president obama on down the fbi director everybody else they are convinced 100% this was the work of north korea although some outside cyberwarfare experts have their doubts right? >> that's right. there are a lot of people with a lot of doubts because the data that has been made public so far by the united states has to do with things like what i.p. addresses these came from internet protocol addresses, many of which are in china. many experts say you can fake where you're sending a cyberattack from. the difference here is as soon as we saw president obama make the statements that he made at that news conference on december 19th to accuse north korea of it and the leadership of it you knew given his own caution on intel issues that he must have seen or heard something. we went out to try to figure out what that was, and

the ordinary things north koreans do to many. although the fact there was so much at sony you would have thought might have raised some alarm bells. apparently it didn't. sony executives saying they never received any particular warning. >> so from president obama on down the fbi director everybody else they are convinced 100% this was the work of north korea although some outside cyberwarfare experts

a we know right now that the north koreans are very interested in the south korean activists who haveew, the subject of the hacking and put them into balloons and launch them over the detiltized zone. if we have to figure out whether there will be the next target it is probably the south korean groups operating on south korean spoil will probably be the next object of north korea's attack. >> thank you very much. appreciate your expertise. coming up bad weather slows the effort to recover wreckage of bodies from areas of flight 8501. but there are some new finds and they're ready to head out again. sir, we're going to need you on the runway. (vo) theraflu starts to get to work in your body in just 5 minutes. (vo) theraflu breaks you free from your worst cold and flu symptoms. (vo) theraflu. serious power. does a freshly printed presentation fill you with optimism? then you might be gearcentric. right now, all printers are on sale. plus great deals on hp ink and toner. office depot & officemax. gear up for great. >>> exclusive areas of the search of the crash search. a warning for the

the former korean air vice president was indicted after delaying a plane over how nuts were served.yu-na has pled not guilty to charges of violating aviation safety law. nhk world's kim chan-ju reports from seoul. >> the trial opened on monday in seoul. cho, the daughter of the airline's chairman, delayed one of its flights at an airport in new york on december 5th. she'd been outraged when a cabin attendant offered her nuts in a bag rather than on a plate. the plane was taxiing for takeoff, but she demanded that it return to the gate. she also ordered the cabin service chief off the flight. south korean prosecutors indicted her this month for forcibly changing a flight plan in violation of aviation safety regulations. about six weeks since the in-flight outburst, the so-called nut rage incident continues to rock south korean society. scores of local and foreign journalists have gathered at a district court in seoul to cover the first session of her trial. in the hearing, cho's lawyer said she's very sorry for what she did. but they added that since the plane was only 17 meters away

and there was a funny incident where the counterparts who were the korean -- >> north korean staff --> -- north korean staff had said it was okay for you to show one of the harry potter movies to your students. and your colleagues had a fit because that's witchcraft. [laughter] so it must have been, it must have been a real challenge to you to have to preserve both those worlds separately and together and yourself in relation to both of them. >> and i think there was an aspect of, you know that question had been raised could i have gotten -- [inaudible] under the permission of either the north korean government or the missionaries. the answer is, no. i mean, there was no way i could have written a book with their permission, because it's never been given. when it has been given, it was to sell the propaganda of the north korean regime. so you walk out basically telling north korea's agenda. so the only way, i mean -- [inaudible] i think after the third time i realized i could only write about this place if i was to be embedded, is the only way. write something meaningful. so the schoo

the cost of unifying the korean peninsula. get over to the big story, the reaction to li ka-shing's reshuffle for the free market. cheung kong holdings up over 15%. >> that is a $24 billion reshuffle. basically, cheung kong will swallow up hutchison one polar. look at the opening prices. cheung kong holdings, the biggest gain since 2008. hutchison's against gain since 1997. the rest of li ka-shing's empire up. those are the stocks that are really worth following in hong kong. also ubs have added these two to their most preferred hong kong stocks list. as you can see, the stocks rallying today on that news. let's go to the chart. [indiscernible] look at that, dramatic gains. [indiscernible] that is for hutchison went cola. significant gains. japan is closed for coming of age day. japan is shut for the day. therefore, all direction will be coming from hong kong. australia, financials are 0.6% driven by real estate. li ka-shing is the reason for that. six stocks are rising. cheung kong holdings, and of course in the wind tunnel o

when it has been given with the north korean regime. so you walk out with the korean agenda.o the only way i think after the third time i realized i could only have read about the place if i were to be embedded. so, the school to provide that opportunity to get to know the students. but it did, without price. >> you know the book is incredibly personal. but i am really personal and not was by choice because i needed to humanize north korea. we don't have any, any story out of north korea. so the reports from inside north korea but the propaganda, you can't really see anything. so you know, this game a chance for the north korean students. none of us were ever allowed out. so months and months of that or what they really think in the way was really important to have that personalized culture that they stop being the sort of archetypes. >> and you'd let your students. >> i so loved them. >> you are so caring and maternal for them and they are grateful for your affection and concern. >> i mean why students love what is possible. first of all we were locked up in the air. we didn

. >>> south korean prosecutors have charged a former korean air vice president with violating the aviation safety law. she is the daughter of the airline's chairman. she delayed the departure of a korean air flight in new york early last month over the way a snack was served. >> translator: we charged the former vice president of korean air for violating the aviation safety law by changing flight plans. assault on a plane, coercion and interference in the execution of duty. >> cho became outraged when a cabin attendant offered her nuts in a bag instead of serving them on a plate, as laid out in the airline's manual. she demanded the plane return to the gate even though it was taxiing for takeoff. she also ordered the flight officer in charge of cabin service to get off the plane. prosecutors also charged her with interference in a government investigation by ordering korean air officials to give false testimony, and fabricate documents to cover up the incident. in addition prosecutors indicted managing director of korean air for trying to force flight attendants to give false testimonies t

the north koreans are age are you about the condescending of the anti-korean leaflets across the boardctivists in the south. attach today balloons. >> the north koreans saying talks can't happen in such an atmosphere despite the fact that both leaders say in theory at least they are taupe a summit. plenty of territory to be covered before one can become an aye a real estate alt. >>> in iraq as you know the army is in a long-running battle with isil forces trying to take background that isil has already taken, particularly there is a fight going on in the villages surrounding beige i. this is a very important location as mohamed adow now explains. >> reporter: it's down. the sun comes through and lights up the battlefields of the fight the iraqi army is in engaged in with isil fighters. the army's target this morning is the village. this is the road to the biggest refinery. >> we are making some gains. we will be victorious, our forces are still advancing. the army will be victorious over the enemy. >> reporter: as the fighting intensifies, some of the troops take cover behind their veh

and with that only thought he came all the way to korean peninsula from japan. and such feeling as a parent i can understand very much. and also all the mothers living on this earth, how do you feel right now, i wonder. the children that you raised with all the efforts, have been sent to the war. no mother would want to send your child to the battlefields. we should stop engaged in wars. even though we cannot eat rice but eat wheat instead of the white rice i think it's worthwhile not to sending our child to the battlefield, but please send kenji. and i'm not just talking about my own son. children unicef and other organizations organizations. kenji has been thinking about children and also about the unicef. so if there is a chance i'm sure he would like to go all over the world and be engaged in the education of the children and also create nuclear energy. and that is the message that i would like to send to my son. so i'd like to sacrifice myself. >> sorry. again, my mind is quite confused. so perhaps i'm speaking a little bit too much. but i believe that in t

she wants to discuss issues including the reunion of families separated by the korean war more than 60 years ago. >>> government officials in china have dropped their limits on exports of strategically important minerals that are widely used to make smartphones. they've seen high-tech companies around the world reduce their reliance on chinese supplies and will give more access to materials known as rare earths. developers in china produce almost all of the world's supply of the minerals until now they've been bound by export restrictions that the chinese government said is designed to preserve the country's natural resources. representatives from japan, the u.s. and european union in 2012 filed a complaint. they said china was violating trade rules. members of a world trade organization panel last year ruled in their favor. the panel members said china had not shown the export quotas were needed to preserve stocks of the rare earths. president xi jinping is key to show china the respects of the international trade and supports fair competition in the marketplace. >>> japan's prime min

and that's the reason north korea's demonstrated lethal means to attack south koreans u.s.ersonnel and installations from south korea over the past half century. yes we take north korea quite seriously. at the same time, the athis assault, north korea said it would blow up the blue house and many times this time it really worked in muzzling free speech in the united states. i think backlash the sense of indignation felt by the american public and many people in congress as well as the obama administration was not foreseen by north korea. so who knows. maybe the u.s. will finally firm up and find the resolve to really put some hurt on north korea. >> time to firm up and put some hurt on north korea. okay sun yeung lee he is a professor at tufts university. thank you sir for your time. >> thank you. >> yoamario quomo's family says his funeral will be held on monday. his death occurred the same day that his son andrew took office. libby casey has the story. >> he was not shy of being pro-choice supporting civil rights vetoing the death penalty and putting other people ahead of

one is the rgb, this is nrt korean's kgb.iance and the third another trading corporation with tied to its defense industry. >> jon: i just want to interrupt there. so in all the sanctions we had on nrt korea north korea's kgb and arms dealers were still allowed to use our banking system? (laughter) >> jon: not that on average they didn't make our banking system less evil but still still-- north korea ask our worst enemy on earth and they are still allowed to use our atms. north korea is already the world capitol of having no capitol. if we are sending a message about this sony hack, we got to make kim jung-un's place in his very tiny yet expensive feet. >> the white house has made it clear this is just the first round of payback for the cyberattack. >> president obama still considers whether to place north korea back on its list of states that sponsored terrorism. >> jon: you made the list buddy. that goes on your permanent record. good luck kim jung-un getting into oberlin's premed program now. (laughter) >> jon: not sure wh

recognizing the need for basic support for the north korean people. maintaining that balance makes our work on north korea all the more critical and all the more difficult. so i look forward to hearing your perspectives on this issue and i thank you for joining us today. thank you mr. chairman. >> thank you mr. engel. this morning we're joined by representatives from the department of state, from treasury and from homeland security. ambassador sung kim is the special representative for the north korea policy and the deputy assistant secretary for korea and japan. previously he served as u.s. ambassador to the republic of korea, and he was a special envoy for the six-party talks. honorable daniel glaser prior to his confirmation as assistant secretary for terrorist finance in the office of terrorism and financial intelligence at department of treasury, he served as the first director of the treasury's executive office of terrorist financing. and financial crimes. brigadier general gregory to help them is -- tokyo is deputy assistant director of the dep

to assassinate north korean leader kim jong-un. before leaving washington for the holiday, president obama gave advance notice during a press conference that the u.s. would retaliate. >> we have been working up a range of options. they will be presented to me. i will make a decision on those based on what i believe is proportional and appropriate to the nature of this crime. >> reporter: the white house says these new sanctions are carefully targeted at the north korean government and its powerful friends. they say they are not intended to punish the already-suffering north korean people. jeff. >> glor: chip, as you know, some experts still question whether north korea was actually behind the attack. did the white house address that today? >> reporter: yes they did and they had they stand by their conclusion that north korea was behind the hack, and they say some of the cyber-security experts who have questioned their conclusion do not have access to highly classified intelligence information that the u.s. has obtained. >> glor: al

intelligence agency and a north korean arms dealer.hite house officials say this is just the first part of the u.s. response to the sony incident. it's also the first time the u.s. has specifically retaliated officially for this and formally accused north korea of being behind the actual attack. of course north korea is already subject, not only to u.s. unilateral sanctions, but also sanctions that were authorized more than a year ago by the u.n. security council, but that was in reaction to its nuclear activities. so this is the first time that we're talking about cyber attacks and cyber security. the question here now is whether the -- what kind of response the north koreans might engage in. there had been some statements from the north korean leader kim jong un, that he was seeking some kind of -- not to say [ inaudible ] but at least some kind of cooling of the tensions between the west and -- and -- and his country, but obviously that is not in the offering right now, and again, we're looking for what the white house says is not j

the south korean public is less than impressed. one woman screaming outside court, don't hide, show your face, adding her profanity. this woman says it's not her own private jet. it's a plane with lots of passengers on it. you can't accept this kind of behavior. this man says it is an abuse of power. of course they should be legally punished for what they've done wrong. but the media coverage here has been rather excessive. like this reception for cho's father and korean air chairman cho yung ho. a media frenzy. cho has apologized for what he's called his daughter's foolish act and will be appearing in court to testify friday. prosecutors tell cnn they want to know the events after the incident to make sure there was no attempt at a coverup and to see what measure also be taken at the chief steward. paula hancocks cnn, seoul. >>> the u.s. senate passed a bill to allow construction of a pipeline that's met with strong opposition from the obama administration. senators voted 62-36 for the $8 billion extension for the key phone pipeli

they're going to drop those north korean customers. the issue is there are these small banks that may be controlled by the north korean military who don't do business in the u.s. and don't tear about reputational concerns, so you continue to do transactions for them but it makes life more difficult for the north koreans. >> what is the different between the north korean, the people who america has put these sanctions up against versus the government agencies, you know, again, when we talk about russia and sanctions, and sanctioning individuals, the idea was to put pressure on people who were close to vladimir putin, but they also enjoyed living in london, vacationing in miami. there was impact. do we have those situations in north korea? >> not really. there are rich north koreans who maintain foreign bank accounts but those are due to political connections. there is not really a kind of private business olagart class in north korea like there is in russia. so what we're talking attacking are state officials. in the executive order by

i don't think the north koreans are going to take this lying down.member that in a few weeks south korean activists will take dvds of the "interview," the money that north korea hates and try to loft it over into north korea so they can watch it. and at that point, north korea is probably going to react in very tangible ways certainly against south korea and maybe against sony and also maybe against the united states itself. >> we have to be -- this is a country that has taken military action against u.s. alleyy south korea and have sunken a ship before in retaliation. and david, i wonder if i can ask you, when you look at this now, is the administration clearly doubling down on blaming the cyber attack on north korea? administration officials are saying well they are not necessarily connected but if you look at the department of treasury announcement it says this is intended to punish north korea for repressive actions and particularly and i'm reading from the statement, to undermine u.s. cyber security. is this a sign that despite the doubts you've

many of the south koreans are from the i.t. industry. >> translator: we're interested in small firms with new technologies. >> reporter: in south korea, big firms related to conglomerates tower over others in technological development. some small businesses consider japan as a steppingstone for advancing overseas. >> translator: if we combine the originality and ingenuity of south korean firms with japan's organizational skill and global network, we can enter not only the japanese and south korean markets but also the entire global market. >> reporter: two years ago jeon jaewoong set up a venture business targeting the japanese market. his firm has developed an original 3-d animation technology. it can show anime characters in three dimensions on a smartphone screen. jeon thinks this technology and high-tech eye wear will be a perfect match. >> translator: we can make everything appear very real before your eyes. from film and manga characters to trains. >> reporter: he has already obtained nine patents in other countries. >> t

that comes days after north korean leader kim jong-un said dialogue could be possible. kim said in his new year's address that he can no longer tolerate the tragedy of a divided korean people. he said he wants a turnaround in relations on the condition that seoul stop causing tensions. president park welcomed his remarks but called on pyongyang to demonstrate ties through action. >> translator: i hope north korea will come forward promptly for interkorean dialogue. i hope pyongyang will cooperate and make substantial contributions toward specific projects of peace and unification on the korean peninsula. >> last month the park administration proposed the two nations hold ministerial talks in january. they want to discuss issues including the reunion of families separated by the korean war more than 60 years ago. >>> makers of electronic gadgets are gathering in las vegas at the international consumer electronics show. what can visitors expect to see at the show this year? >> quite a lot. everything from tvs to drones to vehicles. now this international consumer electron

war among other great efforts he made in the korean war. >> general would you say that was the highlight of your military career? >> well, one of the highlights. i think probably the highlight was when president reagan cited me as one of the chief architects of peace through. i thought that that was the highlight of my career. another highlight was introducing our helicopters into vietnam, a very controversial item. and we finally got armament on our helicopters which change the way -- ever since that time. so it made a great difference in vietnam and in the gulf wars and in society and military ever since, to have helicopters and particularly armed helicopters. >> prior to that helicopters had primarily been used for transport and for command and control. so it did change the nature of warfare as we know it. and one of his class mates, as a matter of fact oversaw the development of a little something called the blackhawk. so it was really an exceptional class involved in a lot of innovation. so the book is not just about war, it's about the innovation that occurred in periods of peaceti