the main american military advisor was a man named frank kowalski. he recalled in his memoir that purged officers "possessed much they could give to the new force, military competence, strength of character, devotion to country." i want to note that it is not just their military skills that kowalski is seeking an admiring, more than any soldier, the japanese imperial army soldier had military spirit. spirit, heart, guts, would spirit, heart, guts, would anyone called it, the essence of a fighting force. five years before, these officers were described by americans as the psychological cause of japanese militarism and the main enemy of democracy. now they were seen as a potential source of spirit, devotion and resolve, so necessary to not just resisting communism but building democracy. by 1951, these beliefs were even shared by the general matthew ridgway, who had replaced douglas macarthur as the head of occupational authorities after macarthur was fired by harry truman. and they led him to make a shift in occupation policy. specifically, ridgeway i
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