and that was the wkkk, the women's ku klux klan. there were no minimum in the first ku klux klan. they acted quietly but they did a lot of damage. they would talk as they were hanging up clothes behind their homes. and they would talk about the italian butcher. all of a sudden, the italian butch eastern the jewish shoemaker zrnlt any customers. they didn't know why. customers were their customers for years weren't their customers anymore. and they would have to move away because they didn't have any businesses. it is mostly important in small towns. and the small town americans, many of them, believed they were losing out to urban americans and, by the way, in the 1920 -- for the first time in 1920, urban americans, there were more urban americans than rural americans. the klan was brutal. there were murders, church burnings, brandings. and that ended suddenly. it ended when the grand dragon, as he called himself, of the ku klux klan in indiana was convicted of the kidnap, rape, and murder of a young woman. and since the klan prided itself on protecting young women, especially you

they date back to the ku klux klan era. in this case, we have two sets of crosses burning. e on private property by a guy black, a ku klux klan guy. he had a cross burning on his property. he was convicted under virginia statutes of burning across with the intent of intimidating, and the statute said a jury can infer intent from the fact you burned a cross. the burning of across by itself is sufficient evidence from which you may infer required intent. the other defendant is more violent, burned a cross in the yard of an advocate american -- an african-american who was his next-door neighbor. not very neighborly. it is unclear whether it was racial animus or making too much noise. the court says, well, cross burning, cross burning is intertwined with the history of the ku klux klan as a tool of intimidation and threat of impending violence. this is true. after the brown case, there was a resurgence of the klan, cross burnings again. the symbolism of burning a cross was not always one of intimidation but can reasonably seen as that, so the courts says we have to analyze this

now if we focus on electoral success, it's pretty easy to dismiss the influence of the ku klux klan on the politics of the 1920s, which is what historians have tended to do. they are very, very good at drawing a lot of attention to themselves. they're generally very, very bad at getting a klan candidate or a candidate affiliated with the klan to be elected to office. they have successes sporadically, generally in local strong holds. indiana of course one of the most notorious strong holds of klan power as i mentioned and, therefore, relative success in electing local officials, but very rare at the federal level. what my current research focuses on is the fact that that electoral success isn't really the key to understanding the klan's influence on federal politics. the key to understanding the klan's involvement with federal politics in the '20s is understanding the ways in which the klan functioned as a political lobbying movement, not to think about what the klan is doing at the ballot box, but to think about what the klan is doing on a yacht on the potomac filled with senators and

my research focuses on the ku klux klan of the 1920s, which is really when the organization was at the height of its power in the united states. it is when the organization is breaking sectional boundaries, moving outside of the south to establish a nationwide power base. one of the strongest, most powerful influential clan stronghold, for example, was right here in indiana, of course. and the clans of the 20s peaks in membership numbers in 1924 with an estimated 4 million members nationwide. those numbers are drawn to the organization, not just as adherence to the ideology, to the tenants of white supremacy, but also by the very fact that the klan of the 20 sells itself as the answer to a variety of ills, or supposed ills. so it is a fraternal organization that protects against the feminization and the breakdown of a masculine society. it is a law and order group that is pushing prohibition enforcement. they are more lists, defending against the apparent evils of modernism and jazz. they're very upset at! they are nativist, particularly picking up on the popular anti catholic and anti

so before i was born and for them nothing has changed where they tell me is that they had the ku klux klan and people hanging from trees and now you have police who are killing with with out punishment and so there's they're wondering like you when is something going to change and i think that there was a little bit of hope when you look at all these protests across the country because for the 1st time you're really seeing diversity. and unity and these groups when you talk about past instances where you look at what happened with the death of michael brown and ferguson missouri or eric garner and new york this was mostly black people marching and demanding for change and now you're seeing more diversity more white people and this is what these activists say is needed in order to make a change so we'll see if it makes a difference and since you touched on it just a moment ago it's not just about police brutality is it's about so much more we know that black communities in the u.s. are also right now suffering disproportionately from the coronavirus pandemic they're more affected economical

it was lynching with the ku klux klan and in 2020 it's police. killing unarmed black people without any kind of punishment and so they're really pushing for the united states to actually make substantive change and they say that this cannot happen unless white people who benefit from white people of privilege in the united states step forward and speak up for other americans they need to see it as our time we use their privilege to make a difference because it's not up to black americans to change the way the system works it wasn't built to help us work but white americans benefit from it and if they actually care about the fabric of america then they need to step up and they need to help out and there were some promise of that when you look at the groups of demonstrators across the country you mentioned that there's been protests before and people angry demanding change before. we saw this with michael brown with his killing and ferguson missouri we saw this with eric garner and his killing in new york but now 2 groups of people are more diverse

. >>> a shopper wears a ku klux klan hood. why they are not charging him. that is coming up next, streaming on cbsn bay area. >>> i am tracking light showers, pushing across parts of the bay area. what you can expect in your neighborhood coming up. >>> with that weather comes some slick surfaces. there is a wine advisory on the bay bridge. details are coming up. >>> remember, we want to bring you the good news happening in the bay area and connect to two people looking to help. go to kpix.com/together and you will find stories of how we are better together. you ca >>> no charges will be filed against a man who walked into a california grocery store wearing a ku klux klan hood. they announced a decision on monday. in early may him he entered a southern california grocery store wearing a headdress and he told them it was not intended as a racial statement. authorities determined there was not enough evidence to charge him with any crime. >>> despite the soaring unemployment, a survey of 350 property owners found 96.8% of tenants pay their rent in may. the per

the ku klux klan has already infiltrated the police department and other high authority departments.uring the late 1960's, when i was a little girl looking at the huntley brinley news, there was a grand klansman who stated that the klan would not be demonstrating out in the street like they were at the time, where they were putting their dolls on watcher luther king and beating black folks ups the -- up the side of the head with their clubs. they said we will be in positions where we won't have to do that anymore. that time is now. someone needs to look that up. it was during the late 60 -- 1960's. it was stated by the grand klansman. host: murray in ohio this morning. in ohio thise morning. as we said, race relations with african americans in the country. topics have been discussed in the house floor in the wake of the death of george floyd. here is another from yesterday afternoon, newly elected congressman in foo may of maryland. >> i rise today because i want to call the name of george floyd. george floyd, who lost his life this week because of a minneapolis police officer. georg

there is a strengthening of the ku klux klan. you spent a lot of time in the book. what did grant do to combat the klan? was he successful? mr. chernow: the klan starts in polasky, tennessee. they start out of a group of confederate veterans. they start wearing old uniforms and drilling. it becomes a militaristic secret organization. hoodshey put on robes and and terrorize people. this is prompted by the 15th amendment. nothing terrified the white south more than the black men. the terror was very much directed against blacks voting or registering to vote. there was no southern sheriff who would arrest a member. there was no southern jury that would convict a member. there was no southern white who would testify against the clan. there were hundreds, maybe thousands of murders of blacks that went on prosecuted. had a very crusading attorney general. ackerman brought 3000 indictments and got more than 1000 convictions against the klan and crush them. it was his greatest achievement as president. the klan we know is from a resurgence in the 1920's. the one that is sti

in uniforms are possibly more deadly to you than any gang member, than any terrorist, than any ku klux klanember, because you're going to contact them so often. and every single time, there's a chance they'll assume you're a deadly threat. your skin is your sense. i don't care how well you do. >> alita, i want you to get to the element of the third degree murder charge. the manslaughter charge against this former officer derek chauvin. but also the liberty to discuss what van has approached as well. >> yeah. one thing i want to say with respect to van's comment, i agree with him. i have a double burden in my household. i have a black son. my black son, though, has a disability. and my biggest fear is that a police officer approaches my son and he won't understand if he's given a command by a police officer, he won't know how to respond to that because he has a developmental responsibility. those of us who have black sons, whose kids are disabled, our fear is even more heightened. because we know that our kids could be inadvertently shot or killed by police, simply because he did not respond

reconstruction was a period of home grown american terrorism not on what some of bin laden planned but the ku klux klanoups that kills more americans and bin laden ever managed to do. how you deal with terrorism how do you can bet it is a reconstruction question. the relationship between economic democracy and political democracy it's a period where at least men not women there is a level playing field of political rights. and yet economically of course the former slaves were at a tremendous disadvantage. they came out of slavery with no economic wherewithal, they were not giving 40 acres and a mule that many thought were there right coming out of slavery. and so you have a vast inequality economically coupled with a tremendous stride toward political democracy politically. that is not unlike our situation today in this country we have had such an increase in inequality. that's been in the last generation or so. another thing is, for many, many years we go to historiography at great length, many, many years reconstruction was seen as the lowest point in the american political drama. in other words it's

. >>> the man who wore a ku klux klan hood into a san diego county grocery store would not be facing charges. this happened back on may 2nd, it attracted outrage around the country from local leaders as well as civil rights organizations. it's like sourcing for the store said, the man was asked repeatedly to take off that hood or leave the store. the shares to said they didn't have enough evidence to pursue charges against that man. >>> today's protesters plan together in san francisco to honor those who have died of the coronavirus while behind bars. several bay area religious leaders will lead today's demonstration outside the federal building on golden gate avenue. the protesters are demanding more protection from the virus for those now serving time in california jails and prisons. >>> time is now 5:38, going back to steve paulson right now outside the studios. it is raining but it is a light rain, but it's coming down. >> history has repeated itself and we will show you that here. we did not get any rain in february, that seven twice in san francisco's history yet but time we go

. >> reporter: outrage is growing over a man seen wearing a ku klux klan hood inside of a bond groceryego. other shoppers took pictures of the man, seen saturday in the city of santee. store clerks reportedly asked the man to remove the hood or leave. he finally took it off while he was in line. then paid for his items and left. santee's mayor and others have condemned the incident. detectives from the san diego county sheriff's department are now investigating and will pursue any appropriate charges. >> trevor: wow, wearing a klan hood as a face mask. that seems counter-productive, because, i mean, you might not get corona, but you're definitely getting your ass whipping. and i know this guy thought he was being intimidating wearing a k.k.k. mask in public, but i'm sorry, man. i can't be scared of anyone buying gogurt. plus, i like how he only wore the hood. so he was at home like, "should i put the robe on, too? no, no, no. i'm a moderate klansman." now, if you've been watching the protests going on around the country, it's clear that for some people, not wearing a mask is a matter o

to vote, it was really grant who prote protected them against the violent backlash against the ku klux klan >> at the same time he obviously, as you know, was criticized because the promise of reconstruction did not go the way leaders like frederick douglas had hoped it would go. in fact, many were em bittered that grant wasn't aggressive enough. how does history hold him accountable for that? does it hold him accountable for that? or has history been unfair to grant in that respect? >> no, i think grant did everything in his power to see that reconstruction succeeded. i should say, joe, for a long time reconstruction was seen as a big fiasco with legislators black and white. now we see it as a noble experiment in biracial justice. we had 2,000 african-americans held in state and local offices in the south. we had 14 black members of the house and two black members of the senate. in fact, ulysses s grant personally marched up to capitol hill with his entire cabinet to get past the ku klux klan act. what happens, joe, at the end of his second term is that not only is there the violent resist

update, no charges will be filed against amanda walked into a california grocery store wearing a ku klux klan hood. they announced the decision monday. in early may the man answered this grocery store wearing the offensive headdress and he told him that it was not intended as a racial statement. authorities determined there was not enough evidence to charge him with any crime. >>> deputies is a new video shows a group of inmates at the county jail trying to spread and simulate coronavirus symptoms. they are passing a hot bowl of water and trying to raise their temperatures just before a nurse check. you can also see them sharing a styrofoam cup and sniffing out of a mask. they wanted to try to get infected. >> as a result of this behavior from this particular module, 21 inmates tested positive for covid-19 within a week of these videos. somehow there was a mistaken belief that if they tested positive that there was a way to force our ndsolease moregopp >> the la sheriff's office says none of the 30 inmates required clinical care when they were sick although some had moderate symptoms. >>> off

tensiones raciales, ilia calderÓn entrevistÓ a uno de los lÍderes del grupo supremacista blanco ku klux klanto alcance en una megatienda del paso, texas. 22 personas murieron. 24 resultaron heridas. entre ellos, una familia que vendÍa aguas frescas y chicharrones para recaudar dinero para un viaje del equipo de fÚtbol de su hija. >> ¿cuÁntas veces te disparÓ a ti? >> dos veces. >> ¿en las piernas? >> sÍ. locutor: al regresar tuve que superar problemas. por ejemplo, el fÍsico. locutor: "aquÍ y ahora", una larga historia de revelaciones y confesiones. >> sÍ, yo sÉ quién lo pizza hut esta sirviendo todos los favoritos de tu familia. ahora, puedes ordenar una pizza grande con hasta 3 ingredientes por solo $9.99. eso es menos de 3 dolares por persona para una familia de 4. disponible para llevar o pregunta por la entrega a domicilio sin contacto. de nuestra casa a la tuya. por eso, modelo donará quinientos mil dólares a la iniciativa first responders first, en apoyo a quienes trabajan para combatir el covid-19. por luchar por nosotros, salud. modelo. elaborada para aquellos con un espíritu luchad

who danced around the question of whether he would disavow david duke, the former leader of the ku klux klan. >> well, just so you understand, i don't know anything about david duke. okay? i don't know anything about what you're even talking about with white supremacy or white supremacist. so i don't know. i mean, i don't know. did he endorse me? or what's going on? because, you know, i know nothing about david duke. i know nothing about white supremacists. and so, you're asking me a question that i'm supposed to be talking about people that i know nothing about. >> he called black athletes, who dare to protest police brutality and racial injustice, sons of bitches. >> wouldn't you love to see one of these nfl owners, when somebody disrespects our flag? to say get that son of a bitch off the field right now. out. he's fired. he's fired! >> he called african-american -- or, excuse me, african nations sending immigrants to this country, quote, shit hole countries and on and on and on. but joe biden's supposedly the racist? it's shameless. and then, there's a president's self-serving attempts t

black, a ku klux klan he had a cross burning on his property. he was convicted under virginia statutes, with the intent of intimidating, and a jury can infer from the fact you burned a cross. cross isng of the sufficient evidence from which you may infer required intent. is morer defendant violent, burned a cross in the yard of his next-door neighbor, whether its unclear was racial animus or making too much noise. the court says, well, cross burning isoss intertwined with the history of a tool ofx klan as intimidation and threat of impending violence. this is true. after the brown case, there was klan,urgence of the cross burnings again. the symbolism of burning across can reasonably seen as that, so the courts says we have to analyze this virginia statute and see whether virginia is thingsing true threat or beyond the limit of the true threat doctrine. true threat encompasses statements where the speaker means to communicate intent to commit an act of unlawful violence towards a particular visual or group of individuals. notice the characterist

those were targeting the ku klux klan, really, saying they don't want people running around with maskso disguise themselves while doing crimes. many were worried even about putting on masks. in fact, in georgia, the governor had to specifically lift the anti-mask law. so that's an interesting aspect that may cause other issues going forward. >> shan wu, good to see you. thank you. be well. >> good to see you, fred. take care. >> thank you. >>> all right. new york mets player pete alonso first on the scene lat year leading the sport in home runs as rookie. now he's trying to make a difference off the field as well. alonzo and his fiancee haley started a homers for heroes program to raise money for front line workers. here's cnn's andy schulz. >> reporter: so many different here'sened a people unrecognized. >> we want to bring those people to light. everyone is a hero to somebody. if you just impact one life, you are a hero. >> reporter: giving back, that's nothing new for you. you donated part of your winnings from the home run derby and are doing so much now. what is your desire to giv

>>authorities are looking into whether a man who they say were a ku klux klan hood wall grocery shopping in a san diego suburb could face criminal charges the san diego county sheriff's department says the on identified man was photographed at the store in the town of sant he on saturday. a day after the county require people to wear masks outside to slow the spread of the coronavirus store clerks asked him to take off the hood or leave the store he did remove the hood. he paid for his groceries and left. deputies were not called to the for toilet paper and you don't want to leave your home will just pay the shipping in the tv shows up at your door right. >>sound too good to be true it is that what you should know about the scam and who may be responsible plus as we deal with one crisis we brace for another colossal threat, what fire officials are saying about this year's fire season. and what one san francisco restaurant is >>homelessness and hunger a bona fide crisis before the pandemic even more of a concern now that tonight on dine and dish we pay a visit to a popular neighborhood in

we had reconstruction, then the ku klux klan and the civil rights movement, then we had reagan and thebacklash to that. we have been in these cycles forever. >> two steps forward, one step back, i go back and forth. >> how much do you feel like electing barack obama brought us donald trump lacks >> i think very strongly we are in a backlash to barack obama just as we did the backlash to reconstruction seeing the black governors and senators and congressmen. people were not having that. >> had you epidemic and now we are living through something similar to that again. >> you are watching the tv on c-span2 with a look of books of race in america. now wall street journal columnist from the monthly interview program in depth in december 2019 with his views on the subject. >> i think there is a tendency to view black history writ large as the history of what whites have done to blacks. and there are various reasons why various groups want to keep that narrative of life. but in the end i think it is more than that. yes, racism still exists. i do not know any reasonable person who would argue

are being curtailed in the south for african-americans through terrorism organizations, like the ku klux klan, and also through local legislation, like grandfather clauses and literacy tests that prevent african-americans from fulfilling those rights that they helped acquire in fighting the civil war on the side of the union and that the republican congress sought to instill and place into the constitution through that 13th, 14, and 15th amendments. guest: jason is right. if you remember even a fraction of what he just said, you are going to earn that complexity point. complexity is college board's attempt to award a more sophisticated essay. if you look at the rubric, the complexity point is given for or modifying an argument -- for qualifying or modifying an argument. there are tips we can give you to maximize chances at earning the complexity point. we wrote "fabric of the nation," which outlined a three step strategy called gem because you annecy write a gem of and it stands for generate nuance. you want to use more sophisticated language like jason used, and talking about not just the su

are being curtailed in the south for african-americans through terrorism, organizations like the ku klux klanocal legislation like grandfather clauses and literacy tests that prevent african-americans from fulfilling those rights that they helped acquire in fighting the civil war on the side of the union, and that the republican congress sought to instill in place in the constitution in that 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment. guest: jason is right. if you remember even a fraction of what he just said, you are going to earn the complexity point. complexity is college board's attempt to award a more sophisticated essay. if you look at the rubric, the complexity point is given for qualifying or modifying an argument. now, there are some tips we can give you to maximize your chances at earning the complexity point. in the textbook jason and i wrote called "fabric of the nation," we outlined a three-step strategy called gem. because you want to write a gem of an essay. the acronym stands for generate nuance. you want to use more sophisticated language like jason used in talking about not just the suc

it is not the racist white person who is in the ku klux klan that we have to worry about. white liberal hillary clinton supporter walking her dog in central park who would tell you right now, you know, people like that, i don't see race, race is no big deal to me, i see us all as the same, i give to charities, the minute she sees a black man who she does not respect or who she has a slight thought against, she weaponized race like she had been trained by the aryan nation. a clans member could not have been better trained to pick up the police -- pick up the phone and tell the police a black man, african-american man, come get him. so even the most liberal well intentioned white person has a virus in his or her brain that can be activated at an instant. so what you're seeing now is a curtain falling away. and those of us who have been burdened by this every minute, every second of our entire lives are fragile right now. we are fragile right now. we are tired. and so i appreciate people who have been reaching out, i've had people reaching out to me for two days now, expressi

and if we think that during reconstruction the ku klux klan and the red shirts, and if we think they were a problem they would have been a sunday school picnic compared to what would have happened if the confederate armies had taken to the mountains the same way john brown and we could still be fighting it. look what happened in missouri. look what happened in tennessee during the war. it was the war of all against all. missouri had descended into a nightmare. from lee saying that one word. >> because lee was easily the most important person in the confederacy and had been for a long time. >> he was the confederacy. >> some people don't agree with that. >> oh, but it's true. henry wise sat there and said you are the confederacy to everybody. and henry wise wasn't right a woel lot but even a broken clock was right two times a day. all that lee would have done is hitailed it and we'd be living with a nightmare that could have extended as far as the most reprehensible racial genocide. look at yugoslavia, look at the serbs, and they were talking about controversies, battles, massacres ov

i'm listening to everybody, hearing people talk of the , thetion of ku klux klan injustice in our criminal etc.ce system, etc., etc., , poverty. what we are losing sight of is why cap are nick kneeled. nickp are minnesota you live to where governor tim walz is holding a press conference. and government entities are all shut down. we have to restore order to our society before we can start addressing issues. before we turn back to where we should be spending energy, make sure justice is served, just is served swiftly and we learn what george floyd gave on monday. i want to be very clear, i will have the team talk about what transition last night when the state assumed responsibility over the 630 of the third precinct, the state secured critical assets and where the land going forward to ensure tonight our buildings do not burn, our citizens are sick there, and that space that we are going to create allows us to get back to the conversation of serving justice and making sure we are not adding to that list of names. i want to be very clear and speak to the community. the very tools we need to

if we think during reconstruction, the ku klux klan and the red shirts, if we think they were a problem, they would have been a sunday school picnic compared to what would've happened if the confederate armies had taken to the mountains the same way john brown wanted to go. if they had taken to the mountains and waged a guerrilla warfare that could have lasted decades, maybe jumped generations. we could still be fighting it. look at what happened in missouri, in tennessee during the war. it was the war of all against all. missouri was a nightmare. take missouri, play it out for one or two generations across the southern rim of the american continent, and that is what would've followed downstream from lee saying that one word. gary: because he was the most important confederacy and had been for a long time. allen: he was the confederacy. gary: some people don't agree with that but they are confused. allen: he was told at appomattox, you are the confederacy to everybody. henry wise was not always right, but even a broken clock is right two times per day. all lee had to have done was say y

the ku klux klan has already infiltrated the police department and other high authority departments. during the late 1960's, when i was a little girl looking at the huntley brinley news, there was a grand klansman who stated that the klan would not be demonstrating out in the street like they were at the time, where they were putting their dolls on watcher luther king and beating black folks ups the -- up the side of the head with their clubs. they said we will be in positions where we won't have to do that anymore. that time is now. someone needs to look that up. it was during the late 60 -- 1960's. it was stated by the grand klansman. host: murray in ohio this morning. in ohio thise morning. as we said, race relations with african americans in the country. topics have been discussed in the house floor in the wake of the death of george floyd. here is another from yesterday afternoon, newly elected congressman in foo may of maryland. >> i rise today because i want to call the name of george floyd. george floyd, who lost his life this week because of a minneapolis police officer. geo

if we think that during reconstruction the ku klux klan and the knights of the white and the red shirts, if we think they were a problem, they would have been a sunday school picnic compared to what would have happened if the confederate armies had taken to the mountains the same way john brown wanted to go. the if they had taken to the mountains and waged a guerrilla warfare that could have lasted for decades, maybe jumped the generations, we could still be fighting it. look what happened in missouri. look what happened in tennessee during the war. it was the war of all against all. missouri had descended into a nightmare. take monissouri and play it out and that's what would have followed down stream from lee saying that one word. >> because lee was easily the most important person in the confederacy and had been for a long time. >> he was. he was the confederacy. . . >> he was. >> henry wise sat there and said you are the confederacy to everybody. and henry wise wasn't right a whole lot. but even a broken clock is right two times a day and that was henry wise. you know, governor brok

say was one word, and not only the army of northern virginia, but the other army -- i mean, the ku klux klan and the red shirts if we think they were a problem, they would have a sunday school picnic compared to what would have happened if the confederate armies had taken to the mountains. the same way john brown wanted to go. if they had taken to the mountains and raged a guerrilla warfare that could have lasted for decades and maybe jumped the generations, we could still be fighting it. look what happened in missouri, look what happened in tennessee during the war. it was the war of all against all. missouri had descended into a nightmare. play it out for one or two generations all across the southern rim of the north american continent. from lee saying that one word. >> because lee was the most important person in the confederacy and he had been for a long time. >> he was the confederacy. >> he was. >> he was the confederacy. >> some people don't agree with that. >> henry wise said you're the confederacy to everybody. henry wise wasn't right a whole lot but even a broken clock is right tw

we had reconstruction, then we had the ku klux klan and we had the black coats and civil rights movement and reagan and the backlash to that. and then we have been in these cycles, you know, forever. >> is it two steps forward one step back. or one step forward and two steps back. i go back and forth on by bad days, just one step. >> right. >> how much do you feel like electing barack obama brought us donald trump? >> oh, i feel very strongly that we're living in a backlash to barack obama just as we did the backlash to reconstruction. you know, seeing those black governors and senators and congressmen, like people weren't having that and that's where you had, you know, the epidemic of mentions and black coats and now we're living through something similar to that again and, you know, it's america. >> and you're watching book tv on c-span2 with a look about race in america. now, here is wall street journal columnist jason riley from our monthly author interview program in depth. in december 2019 with his views on the subject. >> i think there is a tendency to view black history rit large

are being curtailed in the south for african-americans through terrorism organizations, like the ku klux klanand also through local legislation, like grandfather clauses and literacy tests that prevent african-americans from fulfilling those rights that they helped acquire in fighting the civil war on the side of the union and that the republican congress sought to instill and place into the constitution through that 13th, 14, and 15th amendments. guest: jason is right. if you remember even a fraction of what he just said, you are going to earn that complexity point. complexity is college board's attempt to award a more sophisticated essay. if you look at the rubric, the complexity point is given for or modifying an argument -- for qualifying or modifying an argument. there are tips we can give you to maximize chances at earning the complexity point. we wrote "fabric of the nation," which outlined a three step strategy called gem because you annecy write a gem of and it stands for generate nuance. you want to use more sophisticated language like jason used, and talking about not just the succ