l-dopa now is the gold standardf treatment. after it was found a decrease in the brain of dopamine many neurologist try to give l-dopa as a treatment. we know today you need high doses anlong-term treatment several weeks before you can get better. the person who was able to find that was george kotchett. and so the paper was reported in 1960. it was 1967 that george kotchett found a way to do it. and he was a physician working at ookhaven national laboratory on long island and he started to bring patients into the hospital and give them small doses of dopa and build the dose up gradually overtime avoiding the nausea, vomiting. and when he hit a big dose for a long period of time like that, miraculous this was a revolution of treatment in neurology. they got out of the wheelchair, they walked and can do all kinds of things they couldn't do before. >> rose: what about deep brain stimulation. >> that came into being because people already knew from prior surgical experiments that they can target a certain region of the brain and r