active management creates that diversity on that landscape. lack of proper management as a result of species decline and in the eastern united states, 59% of the bird species depend on that and it has declined. we have species that are candidate for the endangered species act. others that were very prevalent has disappeared in the wild turkey population is declining. a keystone species that is found in the savannas really represent 360 other wildlife species of the landscape that is needed by the habitat. in. in the western u.s. we see similar situations where we manage for old growth and we may benefit only 14 species but while there are over 70 species that are dependent on those young forest types we need to do more for those species. the u.s. forest service allocates funding and guidance to provide such young habitat but fire borrowing as we have heard today preclude us from getting that work done. the pace of creating young forest needs to increase if we're going to be successful. we appreciate the proposed fire borrowing fix. as we look

those landscape activities across the landscape will better address the impact of wildfires on the communities. the resilient landscape activity is coordinated with and supported by those resource management programs within the bureaus of the department of the interior. the bureau of indian affairs as well, those programs are working in concert with tribes, states, and other organizations that are involved. on another note i would like to highlight, the department is showing leadership in providing training in job opportunities for our veterans coming back. we wish -- they wish to continue their service in natural resources. we are taking pride in as many women coming back to serve. land management has provided wildfire firefighter 1 and 2 training for over 400 veteran volunteers over the last year. in regards to the draft bill, the department continues an approach to fixing the fire funding. it has transferred and recognizes catastrophic fire is a natural disaster and ensures our efforts to suppress those does not diminish our efforts to create more resilient landscapes. the department oppose

pattern in the neighborhood is to have landscaping of different types in the front yard setbacks and a lot of people did a lot with that limited area there are street trees be planned that's what i mean and - and sense of earth is getting there. >> so the city agrees okay developer if you subdivide this neighborhood the city will that maintain the responsibility i wish i was there even the decision to plant any trees in the neighborhood itself what we're doing a case by case basis if respond has a sidewalk that is wide enough we'll require that the replacement trees be planted under there are a few sidewalk areas that are wide enough but a lot of the sites that have existing trees the sidewalks are two narrow the species itself is ones we watch closely in san francisco au cash we no longer please be advised the ringing of and use of cell phones, we evaluate those trees not large compared to what the species had had widen is keeping the height in check the sidewalk is currently ban repaired so the walk currently didn't need repair at this time 0 at the departmental level our decision

is primarily used for landscaping and 43 jobs as well as amusement park workers and other jobs. statutory language makes this clear. in other words, the program is intended to help employers who are experiencing a labor shortage when employees cannot find u.s. workers for lesser skilled jobs. groups have claimed for years that there existed a shortage of laborers for certain jobs. however, despite such claims from industry groups, other than noloyer and it does, credible data or metrics have been presented to prove shortages in a -- in h-2b occupations. in fact, wages have been flat or declining for over a decade while unemployment rates in this occupations have been skyhigh. meeting at or hovering around double digits. ofse are not the indicators labor shortages. it doesn't mean they do not exist anywhere. it is possible that they exist in some states or localities. employer's experiencing local labor shortages might find labor if they recruited outside their city or state. if the program is to continue to exist despite the lack of evidence, there should be strong and forcible

you can expect a lot more spending on landscaping. and site is poised for it. nobody else has a national foot print or the variety of products. commercial construction seems poised to bounce back. it has been a couple of hard years. gall news for site one. it means nobody needs on pay to manage your lawn. and given the recent drought in the southwest, we've seen a rise in demand for ecofriendly products that use less water. and good news for sipt one since the yeairrigation supplies. on the plus side, it is fragmented. four time the size of your closest competitor and larger than the 15 company in the wholesale landscaping space combined. matthew says they tend to be number one or number two. more than 80%. nobody else comes close. and remember they have the product offering. at the same time, site one believes they can expand dramatically. they're trying to be consolidated. and they have a good track record. meanwhile in addition to buying more landscaping suppliers, they man to grow the market share in the places where they already operate. by offering more p

some of the top occupations were landscape made. production helpers, waiters, waitresses, dishwashers. these are not jobs requiring high skills that no american or even a legal immigrant here can fill. the majority of workers in these occupations were born in the united states. the idea that these are jobs that americans don't do is absurd. just to give you a quick example from 2004, the census bureau shows 950,000 nativeborn americans, and they comprise three fourths of the occupation. there are almost 900,000 of them. two thirds of construction labor is born. there is over one million of them. they make up 70% of the cooks. the overwhelming majority of the are less education -- less educated nativeborn americans. the answer is quite simply terrible. real wages adjusted for inflation for workers more than a high school education are down 20% since the 1970's and even recent trends show no recovery. was a laborlly shortage wages should be rising rapidly has employers drive up wages in a desperate attempt to retain attractive workers

those landscape activities across the landscape will better address the impact of wildfires on the communities. the resilient landscape activity is coordinated with and supported by those resource management programs within the bureaus of the department of the interior. the bureau of indian affairs as well, those programs are working in concert with tribes, states, and other organizations that are involved. would like toe i highlight, the department is showing leadership in providing training in job opportunities for our veterans coming back. we wish -- they wish to continue their service in natural res ources. we are taking pride in as many women coming back to serve. land management has provided 2ildfire firefighter 1 and training for over 400 veteran volunteers over the last year. ,n regards to the draft bill the department continues an approach to fixing the fire funding. it has transferred and recognizes catastrophic fire is a natural disaster and ensures our efforts to suppress those does not diminish our efforts to create more resilient landscapes. the department opposes section 201 in

some of the top occupations were landscape made. production helpers, waiters, waitresses, dishwashers. these are not jobs requiring high skills that no american or even a legal immigrant here can fill. the majority of workers in these occupations were born in the united states. the idea that these are jobs that americans don't do is absurd. just to give you a quick example from 2004, the census bureau shows 950,000 nativeborn americans, and they comprise three fourths of the occupation. there are almost 900,000 of them. two thirds of construction labor is born. there is over one million of them. they make up 70% of the cooks. the overwhelming majority of the are less education -- less educated nativeborn americans. the answer is quite simply terrible. real wages adjusted for inflation for workers more than a high school education are down 20% since the 1970's and even recent trends show no recovery. was a laborlly shortage wages should be rising rapidly has employers drive up wages in a desperate attempt to retain attractive workers

for required trees 7 trees planted landscaping totally the equivalent of 4 trees and paying 3 in lui fees to meet the planning code that is where the 5 thousand plus comes up that is charged regardless of 60 inch box issue a total separate fee just to clarify that is the simple price differences between a 36 inch and 60 inch box tree the difference is $2,900 per tree so $10,000 san francisco public works has an adopt a tree fund in lui fees are adopted we have a mechanism that money is literally a lockbox for tree not purchasing new tires or trucks but towards the planting of new trees we want to commend clarify that amount. >> so you'll be accepting the po and owner o overturning the denial that $10,000 plus will be paid into our tree fund. >> yes. and for the record our preference is the 60 inch box trees, however, i will say that the 36 inch box trees were planted a year ago they're in the ground 36 inch trees and establishing well i can say that the site is doing well it is performing well it is a little bit of a consolation a learning curve when we head into some of the cases bu

now you can't just multiply that by, you know, the inventory sitting on landscape. a lot of the loggers are going to do the work and move to the next project and then do the work. it would impact hundreds of jobs the we're usually short, you know, 60 million or 8 o board feet of timber a year. increasing it to 60 to 80 million board feet, we would increase the mills by 80%. now they're running at auto%. one shift, 60%. so it's not a lot that we need. but it's critical that that raise is critical. so that addresses the economic. but as far as getting at that seven million acres of dead and dying, it will continue to grow. it will continue to burn. and we will continue to eat up a majority of the fire budget if we don't address the issues. >> so you looked at the discussion draft. and they're pushing for these revisions. what do you think is most helpful? >> thank you, senator. impediments to success are certainly the cast of forest service. so they're under title one. if there was additional money, that would be very, very helpful. that's number one. under title thre

if the south has been -- if this is the landscape that we've inherited, right, and these confederate monuments especially those set deep into the 18th century, it should be read as part of this jim crow landscape. ok. so what really should be our response today? you guys are preservationists. a preservation ethic needs to be a really reflective one and thoughtful one. so this is the question that we need to think about. what do we need to do with these monuments? well, maybe they should be destroyed. this is what happens often in regime change. this is what happened to the --dos square monument to sad saddam husain in 2003. this is from what we can tell this was staged by the united states military to look like it s going to be a popular kind of spontaneous destruction of the cultural heritage of the sain regime and the baathist regime. this is as far as i can tell all orchestrated be the united states military as a photo on and a symbolic end to the battle t baghdad. a little more recently this -- santa see here is the lodge mons stair -- monastery. this is a sixth century monastery

historians think today that whatever happened with that, it is clear sherman's troops did landscape orke the the people that they encountered in south carolina. they vented as they marched through it. all that said, what we have is a pattern of a great deal of violence against military and economic targets. and we have a pattern of relative restraint against cold cultural heritage, the cultural heritage of the south. what do i mean by restraint? and sheridan i told you, they marched and burned their way through the valley. burning when they got there. of then once they moved out the valley, they got to charlottesville, the first thing federal troops did is they rushed to the rotunda, to thomas jefferson's landmark building. and they stationed guards to protect it to make sure no vandalism would come about. that no union troops, no civilians would destroy the building in the war. when i got to richmond in the first days of april, federal troops found the city of blaze. they found they had been lost for the united states. and so the confederates headed out of town. they put the gold on the

it started because of the american political landscape. the socialist labor party. 1877, it was almost exclusively german immigrants. that would not surprise us given context of european socialism in the 19th century. bohemian radical marxists who had red marks and brought those ideas to the united states. the socialist labor party was on the scene in the late 19th century and what is interesting, having done a little bit of research, they held all of their meetings in german so if you did not speak german, you could not really go to an slp meeting and get a lot from that. a were very in line with marxist radical teaching. it was inevitable. on the scene. there was political socialism on the scene. the social democracy of america one was called. the real thing came in 1901 with the establishment of the socialist party of america, which became the kind of permanent socialist party and more inclusive. did not have meetings in german. anybody could join. they were established in indianapolis in 1901. something called the unity convention whic

across the landscape to better address the growing impact of wild land fire on communities and public lands. the resilient landscapes activity is coordinated with and supported by those resource management programs within the bureaus of the department of the interior, national park service, fish and wildlife service, as well as the bureau of indian affairs. those programs are working in concert with tribes, states and other organizations that are involved. on another note i would like to highlight, the department is showing leadership in providing training and job opportunities for our veterans that are coming back, and wishing to continue their service and working in natural resources or other natural resource management programs. we are taking great pride in those men and women that are coming back to serve and realize bureau of land management has provided wildfire firefighter one into training for over 400 veteran volunteers over the last year. in regards to the draft bill, the department continues to support fixing the fire funding that ends transfers, recognizes catastrophic fir

so there was something about the idea of being able to see the landscape that really compelled me, so sense to a certain type of person. ♪ [ singing in spanish ] ♪ ♪ ♪ the side effects. hey honey. huh. the good news is my hypertension is gone. so why would you invest without checking brokercheck? check your broker with brokercheck. if you have allergy congestion muddling through your morning is nothing new. introducing rhinocort® allergy spray from the makers of zyrtec®. powerful relief from nasal allergy symptoms, all day and all night. try new rhinocort® allergy spray. >> anthony: since before 1598, when santa fe was established as a province of new spain, grizzled frontiersmen and hearty pioneers have come to this unforgiving landscape to eek out a difficult existence. ♪ welcome to santa fe today, where we can all live the western dream, and even buy a little piece of it to take home. you gotta love it. we pretty much eradicate the native american culture and now in newer, more politically correct times, we decide we love indians and all things native american. that we're kind of,

it's a highly competitive landscape. it certainly expanded our -- exceeded our expectations.re up to 18 million members we started roughly a year ago. we had amassed roughly 4 million members in english over 10 years. we have seen that substantially grow by virtue of localizing our core offering. in terms of our core businesses, talents, solutions, etc., there is a lot of room for growth as well. it is still in the very early days. we have been focusing on getting the membership experience right. we are pleased where we are but there's still a lot of work to be done. emily: you've mentioned you had to make compromises in china and you had to ask users to censor themselves based on what the chinese government wants to see or hear. how do you actually navigate that? how often has that happened? jeff: it happens very seldom, thankfully. we started to navigate that process before we launched. we spent the better part of 18 months understanding who we were as a company, our culture, our values. what operating in china would mean in terms of compliance. despite all those discussion

thedoes this change competitive landscape?> we spoke with people this morning that were trying to piece together, is this about sales, or tana -- cortana, something to integrate with office? there is uncertainty about what this means. mike is up has had some success with acquisitions but clearly a lot of them have not hit the mark and that is one of the things customers were saying, will this be one of the acquisitions that we look back on and say, that was not so good. entelo ceo, john. the fix that can help apple take on paypal. we will bring you the highlights of the apple developers conference. twitter will be just fine according to mark andreessen. emily: this week apple hosted the annual worldwide developers conference in san francisco. some changes to the voice control digital assistant siri. it is now open to outside developers. is it too little too late? we discussed this with a roundtable of experts. one of the earliest backers of quip ceo.tuttle, and siri up to developers, is this game changing? >> i have a that i t

properties you have to see to believe and give you the tips that everyone needs to navigate the new landscapeecause information is power, and the property man has got you covered. [ woman vocalizing ] thanks for joining us. nearly 700,000 new homes were built in america last year, and over the past five years, more than three million. [ saw whirring ] new construction enables you to build the exact home you want, but it can be a daunting process if you've never done it before. so we're gonna tell you how to do it right. there is a new home-building checklist on our website at foxnews.com/propertyman, and i'll have more critical information later on the massi memo, but first... deanna, nice to meet you. >> hi. nice to meet you. >> i wanted to check in with deanna armel. she's a realtor who specializes in new-home construction in the orlando area. ♪ what are some of the first things and tips that you give a prospective homeowner, particularly somebody that's never done it before? >> the first thing i would say is, "what do we need to do to set you up for success? do we need to sell your home fi

how does this change the competitive landscape?e are trying to this out and they are trying to piece together if this is about rtana, cour integrating with office. microsoft has had success with some acquisitions. clearly, a lot of the acquisitions have not hit a mark. anthought this would be acquisition that we will look back on and say it was not so good. a piece todayed by saying, "will microsoft do this without breaking the new toy?" >> that is the question. this deal could look smart, if microsoft does what they promise, integrate linkedin into other essential microsoft tools, like office and outlook, and make them work together better. that is a big "if." all of the microsoft acquisitions have ended badly for microsoft and for the acquired company. that is a big question. k the recentc history of terrible dealmaking? emily: google did this with youtube. we will watch this closely. thank you both. the u.s. aviation regulators are cracking down. $350,000s been fined for sending hazardous cargo. this is not the first time they h

want to comment i thought that was inspiring idea particularly as we know the challenges of the landscape area around the museum and the civic center so what i like to envision this going forward in the future that becomes a part of culture herbal in more ways than one and part of the culture landscaper is a think asset since the whole area and, of course, the maintenance and upkeep i read an extensive plan for security with the asian art museum i think that is for those are my thoughts on this subject. >> great. >> commissioner pearlman i wanted to thank the kids that made the presentation i made presentations in this room at the podium i get nervous i give a round of applause for doing some such a great job is he it mob exist to present in a public forum and see that built it will be an amazing satisfying experience to through this whole thing we saw is it came before the review committee that will be a great project congratulations and thank you very much. >> i would like to add i like the idea of the rotating exhibits we have a motion. >> there is a motion that has been seconded and i

line be modified to be levy privatized and more welcoming the landscape has been rice for the raised curb for the barrier between the sidewalk and he is landscape and then finally the prior tenant was a tenant starting on 2013 and knew when we entered that was a short time lease earlier this year the sounds like available location on treasure island and moved there on 2016 and offered rent free for a few months and this is determining their recognition in a letter. >> project team is available for questions i'll show you further plans we're available for questions. >> thank you. >> opening up for public comment a number of speaker cards and few want to line up on that side of the room as i call our name (calling names). >> sorry oh, mime imi didn't a parishioner eerie serve on the governing board of church and responsible for the fiduciary responsibility for the church they asked me to speak for the church and the 3 hundreds members simply we seek to save lives we're not asking the development be stopped we generously accept change the problem a portion of the building will block the

one proposal involves projecting images of landscapes on to an infrastructure and rising sea levels to show climate change in action. the finalists were chosen from 89 different proposals and a winner will be announced in september. >>> news4 has learned that metro is making a change to its buses in an effort to keep you safe. the transit agency is adding lots to the emergency battery disconnect switches. last august, officials temporarily suspended its service on elvis road after a man was shot and wounded on a someone pulled that switch which shut off the power and left passengers stranded. the shooting victim is suing metro and his attorney argues if that bus hadn't been shut down, his client would not have been shot. >> i think it's terrific and i'm going to have a chance to do t i would say the other jurisdictions have found out that it's safer for the public and hope to put the locks on the other buses. >> metro had no comment on the pending lawsuit but has asked the judge to dismiss that case. >>> it wouldn't take much of a sleuth to discover that the expansion has occurred on t

just remember that you have to have the space between your landscape and residency, or you go up very quickly in flames. i think we jump up and down and tell people that every year but it's a nice reminder. fire season is 24/7, 12 months a year now. san jose has cleared out nicely with winds at 6 miles per hour and the air temperature at 75. santa rosa is picking up winds and so is hayward. this is the weather watcher program with everyone reporting temperatures in the 60s and 70s and 90 degrees for brentwood. a deep marine layer continues to linger at the beach. the drizzle has pretty much dried out, and we do have clouds that continue to hang tight for the coast and we'll see the june gloom all week long and temperatures coming down. here at 6:00 tonight, the san mateo coast shrouded in the low clouds and fog and tonight overnight, it will be a deeper marine layer than this morning at 2000 feet deep, marching inland and surging towards the dealt a overcast conditions at livermore and drizzle associated with the deck of clouds as l we will see spotty sunshine along the coast tomorrow

does it change the competitive landscape?it was a surprise to me, a drastically new market for microsoft. a steep price tag, but it is a talented team at linkedin. there is a lot of interesting product integration, whether it is things like outlook and things like cortana, dynamics and data in linkedin. if you execute well, this could make both companies more valuable than they were independently. as you know, integrating two extremely large public companies is a herculean task. emily: given that apple has not made a huge deal, does this change the competitive landscape for apple? >> linkedin is primarily business service. apple defines itself as a consumer service. on the other hand, this is a network with a great number of users. people have personal lives and business lives that overlap. it is a strategic move by microsoft. apple is behind in social networks. emily: people have talked at length about the possibility of apple buying twitter. it has not happened. certainly interesting to watch. gary, brett, tim, thank you al

. >>> cave divers descend into a wild other wordily landscape. how a few oxygen tanks lead to some breathtaking views. >>> they are getting in the groove on stage. >> when suddenly -- whoa, whoa. >> see why whoa is right. >>> and heed the internet sensation known as the licking guy. when we saw his latest target -- >> i nearly choked on my own tongue. >> why this undercover lick hit a little too close to home. >>> no matter how much effort you put into planning once the universe gets involved it all goes out the window. we have just planned a wedding for months. >> good luck. >> this first video is from india. what's happening here is a demonstration. they are demonstrating how they are going to deal with an earthquake. she's now being lowered down on a harness and you can see they are holding this toughened fabric slide. >> she is attached to a harness. i thought they were just going to slide her down that thing. >> what they are supposed to do lower her halfway and let go as she slides down. unfortunately -- >> oh, gosh. oh, no. oh, no. oh, no.

landscape, the intellectual landscape, the cultural landscape in which somebody operateds. that is important from his diplomatic perspective because the stakes are so high when he is thinking about grands strategy questions. but it totally changes the way you look at a problem. you don't look at a commercial problem you because our firm is a commercial firm, you try to understand the context in which it is embedded. it turns out that happens to be the key to success for any likely to succeed commercial project in china is better informed if it has that background. >> rose: what is the product of your firm. >> the product of our fimple, i think, is helping people navigate, particularly i say in china, complex commercial transactions. so it is as you probably know-- . >> rose: to understand the dynamics. >> and figure out structurally it is a dynamic, rapidly changing environment there. and to find ways to have commercial arrangements of scale that are long-term sustainable and benefit everybody, takes an understanding of the partners, takes an understanding of the environmen

the amount of time we spend trying to understand, what is the landscape, the historical landscape, intellectualultural landscape in which someone operates? it's important from his diplomatic perspective, because the stakes are so high. but it totally changes the way you look at a problem. you do not look at a commercial problem, because ours is a commercial firm. you try to understand the concept in which it is and that it. it turns out, that is the key to success for any likely to succeed commercial china -- project in china. charlie: what is the product of your firm? joshua: i think it is helping people navigate, particularly in china, complex commercial transaction. it is, as you probably know -- charlie: to understand dynamics. joshua: yes, and to figure it out structurally. it is a dynamic, rapidly changing environment. to find ways to have commercial that arents of scale, long-term sustainable, and benefit everybody, it takes understanding from partners and of the environment. it takes understanding of tactical issues. like what is going on in tax structures and regulations. but it is par

emily: how does it change the landscape? >> i think it is indicative of what is happening. see more mma in the pipeline, we see more negotiation and we have in four years. i think other agencies but agree with that. i think what is happens is one of the things or the markets have flow. a lot of public companies have kind of sat back and watched and watched all of the drama play out in the valley, constantly on the bubble, bubble, bubble. there is a lot that should have happened that just did not happen. companies have piled up a lot of cash and have had very good business and then have to start shopping. you have to fill in gaps in their portfolio and then they can go shopping, they can buy these companies. of manyit is indicative companies this day. i think there will be a whole lot of these next year and this year. emily: who is going to buy and it was going to get bought? >> i think that is a good question everyone has to deal with. we try to get them in a position where they can be a buyer. sometimes, you know, you get some of the comes along and makes you an offer and

overall project development as you can see that pedestrian ground floor is really activated with landscaping the entries with canopies and breaking down the massing with a lot of materials just looking at the elevation here and some of the colors that we are proposing as you go along the facade we're breaking down it into elevations that gives articulation separation as well as in and out that gives shadow breaks down to the scale of overall development and then looking at the overall pattern again you know clearly identifying some of the individual units and creating variation along the block but breaking down the scale into a more people friendly scale thanks are that so wrapping up we have several conditions of approval and for this project the first one is that the development team must prepare and build the material and color mockup on the construction so easing for the schematic design it is subject inform faster stud by occ as defined and the development team shall further study the open spaces in the parking area for security for the residents and complimenting the character of the d

for required trees 7 trees planted landscaping totally the equivalent of 4 trees and paying 3 in luifees to meet the planning code that is where the 5 thousand plus comes up that is charged regardless of 60 inch box issue a total separate fee just to clarify that is the simple price differences between a 36 inch and 60 inch box tree the difference is $2,900 per tree so $10,000 san francisco public works has an adopt a tree fund in lui fees are adopted we have a mechanism that money is literally a lockbox for tree not purchasing new tires or trucks but towards the plantin of new trees we want to commend clarify that amount. >> so you'll be accepting the po and owner o overturning the denial that $10,000 plus will be paid into our tree fund. >> yes. and for the record our preference is the 60 inch box trees, however, i will say that the 36 inch box trees were planted a year ago they're in the ground 36 inch trees and establishing well i can say that the site is doing well it is performing well it is a little bit of a consolation a learning curve when we head into some of the cases but

for the worktant in the northern rockies as these landscapes lack diversity. acres are175 of those in montana alone. under title iii, we are concerned about provisions letting the use of streamlined -- atlantic designated as critical habitat. acres, has designated much of which is susceptible to craft stuff it fire -- susceptible to catastrophic fire . the need to treat fuels is the same. communities surrounded by forest experience wildfire are the same for the loss of life and property. of the three things that fuel fire, the only driver we can modify is you'll. -- what isentioned not addressed is how to to confront legal challenges affecting the projects implementation. montana has separate the effects of the timberwolf for decades. local people have gathered to find solutions to tough issues. over the years, 30 collaborative's have formed. ,estoring ecological function economic stability and honor social values. friends groups continue to challenge projects import. there are 220 million of timber and litigation. this will impact 51,000 acres. projects under

people working and landscaping for the most part the restaurants or construction workers. the is a big part of it that has to be carefully watched tha with those wages that shadow curve.validity but we do need to be cheerful about it and that has some validity to it and that is harder to manage. errant the people in 2009 with 15,000 are reported but they came in the rent on their own way to leave the dead know those people that the complete their years or months of work? >> those estimates are for 5 million that is the overstay.articular program that we i have never seen an estimate for this particular program that we would expect over time thousands of people will overstay because that is how lax the system is. >> with an increasing percentage happen million overstayed the visa but with your evaluation to of course, the laws that we have to protect american there any that a feasibility? or garner any suggestion is to maintain for this system?er e >> the department of labor has attempted of whittiers in those protections in they are joined by those employers or the appropr