in 1851, you get an attempt to deal with some of this in the fort laramie treaty. you can see fort laramie at this point on this map, nebraska territory, this is wyoming territory. this is the first of two big treaties. the 1850 one fort laramie treaty is supposed to -- what it is supposed to do is recognize native american claims, land claims in the region. at the same point, in exchange for that recognition and annuities, annual payments of certain amounts of cash to native americans, specifically talking the lakota, cheyenne, arapaho, a couple others that i am forgetting off the top of my head. the crow. i don't know. anyway. recognizing their territory in exchange for allowing safe passage for settlers was the idea. they weren't going to stop. you can pass through our territory, that is perfectly fine with us, in exchange for recognizing our land claim and a little bit of money. when the treaty is negotiated the 50 year annuity, that until 1901 the us government were paying these tribes and nations to the right to go across their land. congress changes it to 10

married and moved to laramie, wyoming. she was a quaker. and in laramie and the women decided they knew this woman was going to be an important person in history, they wanted to pick someone who was very upstanding and the community would represent women a well for the rest of history. they chose her she had a bucket of lard on her way to the grocery store. sheem stopped to vote and memorialize that vote. so we named a federal building after heryo in cheyenne, wyoming my home town. we did this just last fall. it's the first federal building in the whole region that is named after a woman. we are finally getting around to recognizing our own history. some think that is true about easterners is you really are much better about recognizing your rolls in history. our history is so recent that we forget it is truly historical. the people i have met in my life are historical figures in their own right. but they were old when i met them. [laughter] sitting bull and you think about chief sitting bull. his grandson and i were very dear friends. the

this is the first of two treaties signed and fort laramie. and what the 1851 treaty is supposed to do is recognize native american claims in the region. while the same point exchange for that recognition and anybody's, annual payments of certain amounts of cash especially when we are talking about the lakota, cheyenne, a couple others i'm forgetting off the top of my head, recognizing the territory in exchange for kind of allowing safe passage for the settlers with the idea they were not going to stop. you can pass through the territory. that's perfectly fine with us. in exchange, you recognize the land claim and ani little bit of money that would be nice. originally when it's negotiated it's a 50 year anybody so the idea is until 1901 the u.s. government would be paying these nations for the right to go across their land. congress changes it to a ten year pay scheme without telling anyone who signs the treaty. of course when they find out, they are like no, that's not okay. but regardless the treaty was basically broken almost immediately in

she voted in laramie, wyoming on september 6th of 1870. now was followedup, women who not only were leaders in early wyoming government, but also who were involved in the national movement to recognize women's right to vote. one of those women, esther hobart morris, is recognized, raised in a statue in this great building. our other statue byshoshone, ans so beloved in wyoming. a shoshone tribe. and a great american man himself. so it's so proud. i'm so proud to be here. represent bothcommunity and the. wyoming, as acknowledge the women who are recognized by statute in building. okay. so louisa swain was first and then about 15 minutes after louisa swain voted, there was a second woman who voted in cheyenne, and it was kind of a race to the ballot because. they knew that they were going to recognized or memorialized forever. so louisa swain wasn't, who grew up in the east. she was. and she found some relatives that helped raise. met a nice man. married and moved it to laramie, wyoming. she was a quaker. and in in laramie, the women decided

she voted in laramie, wyoming azzam temper sixth of 1870. she was followed by a very distinguished group of women who not only were leaders in early wyoming government but also some who were involved in the national movement to recognize women's right to vote. one of those women, esther hobart morris, is recognized in a statue in this great building. our other statue, by the way, is of an eastern shoshone indian man who was beloved in wyoming, a great leader of the shoshone tribe and a great american himself. i am so proud to be here and represent both our indian community and the women of wyoming as we acknowledge the women who are recognized in this building. okay, louisa swain was first. about 15 minutes after louisa voted, there was a second woman who voted in cheyenne. it was kind of a race to the ballot. they knew that they were going to be recognized or more eli's forever. louisa swain was an orphan who grew up in the east. she was -- she found some relatives who helped raise her. she made a nice man and moved to laramie, wyoming. she

met a nice man, married and moved to laramie, wyoming. she was a quaker and in laramie, the women decided that because they kind of knew this woman was going to be an important person in history, they wanted to pick someone who was very upstanding in the community and would represent women well for the rest of history. so they chose louisa swain energetic bucket of lard on the way to the grocery store and she stoppedd to vote in memorializd that s vote. so we named a federal building after her in cheyenne, wyoming, my home town. we did this just last fall and it's the first federal building in the whole region that's named after a woman. so we are finally getting around to recognizing our own history, something that is true about easterners is really arere much better about recognizing your roles in history. our history is so recent that we forget that it that is . the people that it met in my life are historical figures into own right but they were old when i met them. sitting bull and you know, you think about chief sitting bull and his

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land plains, and whether or not yellowstone was encompassed in the territory laid out in the fort laramie treaty. this was dismissed primarily by henry dawes, that took millions negotiated treaty lands away from indigenous nations to white americans. he said they cannot more live there than the yosemite valley. and dawes supported surveyed and haden lobbied directly. one of the most powerful men in the house and his son chester joined in yellowstone, he was one of the political boys. so on that day, february 27th, the vote was called, 89% of republicans voted yes on the yellowstone act. 70% of democrats voted no. so, this was not unanimous, clearly. the ones who were the kind of outliers, there was no real regional breakdown, people were voti for and against from all different regions. it was just breaking down, i think, on those issues o white settler rights and federal overreach. the republican strong majority in the house the yellowstone act which was bipartisan and not unanimous had passed march 1st, 1871, the bill landed on the desk and he signed it, really, without any fanfare. most

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nations that congress would abide by the treaties already made up to that point a particularly the fort laramiewas very big treaty of the 1868. however from this point forward they would no longer actually establish treaty relations, which meant that they would no longer recognize native sovereignty. they would try to make peace agreements, but from this point forward the government would use military force as a first resort and stuck instead of a second or third resort and this is a moment where we really see us army campaigns against native peoples start to escalate in order to pave the way in the west for white settlement. the goal was to force native peoples on to reservations and then reduce the size of those reservations to sell the remaining land off to white settlers. so there were other national projects that were underway at this time that had this same goal to establish white settlers in the west and bring the west more fully into the union politically economically and culturally one of those was the transcontinental railroad, which was actually a civil war action that was passed in

nations that congress would abide by the treaties already made up to that point a particularly the fort laramie treaty was very big treaty of the 1868. however from this point forward they would no longer actually establish treaty relations, which meant that they would no longer recognize native sovereignty. they would try to make peace agreements, but from this point forward the government would use military force as a first resort and stuck instead of a second or third resort and this is a moment where we really see us army campaigns against native peoples start to escalate in order to pave the way in the west for white settlement. the goal was to force native peoples on to reservations and then reduce the size of those reservations to sell the remaining land off to white settlers. so there were other national projects that were underway at this time that had this same goal to establish white settlers in the west and bring the west more fully into the union politically economically and culturally one of those was the transcontinental railroad, which was actually a civil war action that was pa

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